spacemacs/doc/VIMUSERS.org

Migrating from Vim

• Purpose of this document
• Philosophy
• Basic orientation
  • Terms
    • Modes vs. States
    • Layers
    • Transient-states
  • Key binding conventions
  • Running commands
  • Buffer and window management
    • Buffers
      • Special buffers
    • Windows
  • Files
  • The Help System
  • Exploring
  • Regular expression syntax
• Customization
  • The .spacemacs file
  • Emacs Lisp
    • Variables
    • Key bindings
      • Bind keys to a macro
    • Functions
  • Activating a Layer
  • Creating a Layer
  • Installing a single package
  • Loading packages
  • Uninstalling a package
  • Common tweaks
    • Changing the escape key
    • Changing the colorscheme
    • Nohlsearch
    • Sessions
    • Navigating using visual lines
• Other useful links

Purpose of this document

This document is intended to supplement the Spacemacs documentation by bridging the gap between vim and Spacemacs. While some information may be duplicated, this does not replace the Spacemacs documentation. It is recommended that you read both files to fully understand Spacemacs.

Spacemacs Documentation

Philosophy

One misconception many vim users have is that Spacemacs is an Emacs clone of vim. Spacemacs does not seek to completely mimic the behavior of vim everywhere, only when editing. You should not expect every vim command to be available, although many are. You cannot use Vimscript to configure Spacemacs, but who likes Vimscript anyway? It is important to understand that Spacemacs is an attempt to improve on both vim and Emacs using the superior modal editing of vim and the nicer configuration language of Emacs.

Basic orientation

Terms

Spacemacs uses some different terminology than vim, which can cause confusion for new users. This section attempts to clear up any confusion.

Modes vs. States

In vim you have various editing modes like insert mode and visual mode to manipulate text. In Emacs, we have states. These are equivalent to vim modes. For example, evil-insert-state is the same as insert-mode in vim.

A minor-mode in Emacs is like a feature that is activated. For example, aggressive-indent-mode is a minor-mode that automatically indents code as you type. It is important to know that there can be many minor-modes activated in a buffer. Many Emacs packages work by providing a minor-mode. A major-mode determines the editing behavior of Emacs in the current buffer. There is generally a corresponding major-mode per filetype. An example of a major-mode is python-mode, which provides python specific settings in python files. There is only one major-mode per buffer.

Layers

Spacemacs has the concept of layers. Layers are similar to vim plugins. They provide new features to use in Spacemacs. However, layers are often comprised of several packages that integrate well with each other. For example, the python layer includes support for auto-completion, documentation look-up, tests, and much more by using several different packages. This keeps you from thinking about what packages to install, and instead worry about what features you want. More information on layers can be found in the customization section and in the documentation. There is also a more in-depth guide on writing layers here.

Transient-states

Spacemacs provides a special functionality called transient-states. Transient-states allow similar commands to be run in succession without repeatedly pressing the <Leader> key. Transient-states are usually triggered by using a key binding with the following pattern: <Leader> <group> . where group is the category the transient-state falls under. When in a transient-state you will see documentation at the bottom of your window. To exit a transient-state press q.

Transient-state documentation window

Key binding conventions

Spacemacs uses SPC as its <Leader> key. This document will use SPC to refer to the <Leader> key. All key bindings are mnemonic and are organized under the <Leader> key. For example, the key bindings for language-specific commands are always under the SPC m prefix. A full list of conventions used in Spacemacs is here. Note that all key bindings can be changed.

Spacemacs uses which-key to show available key bindings after a delay:

Which-key window

Running commands

Emacs commands can be run using SPC SPC. This will pop up a buffer using Helm which can be used to run any Emacs command. You can also run many ex commands using :, just like in vim.

Note: You can run Emacs interactive commands using :, but you cannot run ex commands using SPC SPC.

Buffer and window management

Buffers

Buffers in Emacs and vim are essentially the same. The key bindings for buffers are located under the SPC b prefix.

Key binding	Function
SPC b b <buffer-name>	Create a buffer named <buffer-name>.
SPC b b	Search through open buffers and recent files.
SPC b n or :bnext	Switch to the next buffer. (See Special buffers)
SPC b p or :bprevious	Switch to the previous buffer. (See Special buffers)
SPC b d or :bdelete	Kill current buffer.
SPC b C-d	Kill buffers using a regular expression.
SPC b m	Kill all buffers except the current buffer.
SPC b .	Buffer transient-state.

Special buffers

By default Emacs creates a lot of buffers that most people will never need, like *Messages*. Spacemacs automatically ignores these when using these key bindings. More information can be found here.

Windows

Windows are like splits in vim. They are useful for editing multiple files at once. All window key bindings are under the SPC w prefix.

Key binding	Function
SPC w v or :vsplit	Opens a vertical split on the right.
SPC w s or :split	Opens a horizontal split below.
SPC w h/j/k/l	Navigate among windows.
SPC w H/J/K/L	Move the current window.
SPC w .	Window transient-state.

Files

All file commands in Spacemacs are available under the SPC f prefix.

Key binding	Function
SPC f f	Opens a buffer to search for files in the current directory.
SPC f r	Opens a buffer to search through recently opened files.
SPC f s or :w	Save the current file.
:x	Save the current file and quit.
:e <file>	Open <file>

The Help System

Emacs has an extensive help system. All key bindings under the SPC h d prefix allow convenient access to the help system. The most important of these keybindings are SPC h d f, SPC h d k, and SPC h d v. There is also the SPC <f1> key binding which allows you to search for documentation.

Key binding	Function
SPC h d f	Prompts for a function and shows its documentation.
SPC h d k	Prompts for a key binding and shows what it is bound to.
SPC h d v	Prompts for a variable and shows its documentation and current value.
SPC <f1>	Searches for a command, function, variable, or face and shows its documentation.

Whenever, you see weird behavior or want to know what something does, these functions are the first thing you should refer to.

Exploring

There are a few ways to explore the functionality of Spacemacs. One is to read the source code on GitHub. You can begin to feel your way around Emacs Lisp and how Spacemacs works this way. You can also use the following key bindings to explore:

Key binding	Function
SPC h SPC	Lists all layers and allows you to view files from the layer.
SPC ?	Lists all key bindings.

Regular expression syntax

One thing that might catch you off guard is the difference in regex syntax between Vim and Emacs. In Emacs, even when you search under evil-mode with the / key, you'll be using the Emacs flavor of regular expression, instead of the Vim one.

Some idiosyncrasies of Elisp regex:

• You need to additionally escape some symbols such as:

  backslash \

  \\

  alternation |

  \|

  grouping ( and )

  \( and \)

  counting { and }

  \{ and \}

• \s begins a syntax class. Whitespaces are denoted as \s- instead of \s.
• Use [0-9] or [:digit:] instead of \d to denote digits.

For more details, refer to The EmacsWiki, this SO question and this tool which converts PCRE regex to Emacs regex.

Customization

The .spacemacs file

When you first start spacemacs, you will be prompted to choose an editing style. If you are reading this, you likely want to choose the vim style. A .spacemacs file will be created with the appropriate style selected. Most trivial configuration will go in this file.

There are four top-level functions in the file: dotspacemacs/layers, dotspacemacs/init, dotspacemacs/user-init and dotspacemacs/user-config. The dotspacemacs/layers function exist only to enable and disable layers and packages. The dotspacemacs/init function is run before anything else during startup and contains Spacemacs settings. You will never need to touch this function except to change default Spacemacs settings. The dotspacemacs/user-init function is also run before anything else and contains user specific configuration. The dotspacemacs/user-config function is the one you will use the most. This is where you define any user configuration.

Key binding	Function
SPC f e d	Open your .spacemacs
SPC f e D	Update your .spacemacs manually using a diff with the default template

Emacs Lisp

This section introduces a few emacs lisp functions that are needed to configure Spacemacs. For a more detailed look at the language, see this link. If you really want to learn everything there is about emacs lisp, use the info page found at SPC h i elisp RET.

Variables

Setting variables is the most common way to customize the behavior of Spacemacs. The syntax is simple:

  (setq variable value) ; Syntax
  ;; Setting variables example
  (setq variable1 t ; True
        variable2 nil ; False
        variable3 '("A" "list" "of" "things"))

Key bindings

Defining key bindings is something that almost everyone will want to do. The built-in define-key function is the best way to do that.

  (define-key map new-keybinding function) ; Syntax
  ;; Map H to go to the previous buffer in normal mode
  (define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd "H") 'previous-buffer)

The map is the keymap you want to bind the key in. Most of the time you will use evil-<state-name>-state-map. These correspond to different evil-mode states. For example, using evil-insert-state-map maps the key binding in insert mode.

To map <Leader> key bindings, use the spacemacs/set-leader-keys function.

  (spacemacs/set-leader-keys key function) ; Syntax
  ;; Map killing a buffer to <Leader> b c
  (spacemacs/set-leader-keys "bc" 'spacemacs/kill-this-buffer)
  ;; Map opening a link to <Leader> o l only in org-mode (works for any major-mode)
  (spacemacs/set-leader-keys-for-major-mode 'org-mode
    "ol" 'org-open-at-point)

Bind keys to a macro

  ;; H goes to beginning of the line
  (define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd "H") (kbd "^"))

Bind keys to multiple other keys.

For example: To open a newline above, but stay on the current line.

The remapping in Vim:

  nmap <S-Enter> O<Esc>j

source: https://vim.fandom.com/wiki/Insert_newline_without_entering_insert_mode

The equivalent remapping in Spac/Emacs:

  ;; S-return adds a newline above
  (define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd "S-<return>") (kbd "O <escape> j"))

Functions

You may occasionally want to define a function to do a more complex customization. The syntax is simple:

  (defun func-name (arg1 arg2)
    "docstring"
    ;; Body
    )

  ;; Calling a function
  (func-name arg1 arg2)

Here is an example of a function that is useful in real life:

  ;; This snippet allows you to run clang-format before saving
  ;; given the current file as the correct filetype.
  ;; This relies on the c-c++ layer being enabled.
  (defun clang-format-for-filetype ()
    "Run clang-format if the current file has a file extensions
  in the filetypes list."
    (let ((filetypes '("c" "cpp")))
      (when (member (file-name-extension (buffer-file-name)) filetypes)
        (clang-format-buffer))))

  ;; See http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Hooks.html for
  ;; what this line means
  (add-hook 'before-save-hook 'clang-format-for-filetype)

Activating a Layer

As said in the terms section, layers provide an easy way to add features. Activating a layer is done in the .spacemacs file. In the file search for the dotspacemacs-configuration-layers variable. By default, it should look like this:

  (defun dotspacemacs/layers ()
    (setq-default
     ;; ...
     dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(;; auto-completion
                                         ;; better-defaults
                                         emacs-lisp
                                         ;; (git :variables
                                         ;;      git-gutter-use-fringe t)
                                         ;; markdown
                                         ;; org
                                         ;; syntax-checking
                                         )))

You can uncomment these suggested layers by deleting the semi-colons for a nice out-of-the-box experience. To add a layer, add its name to the list and restart Emacs or press SPC f e R. To view all layers and their documentation use SPC h SPC.

Creating a Layer

To group configuration or when configuration doesn't fit well in your .spacemacs file, you can create a configuration layer. Spacemacs provides a builtin command to generate the layer boilerplate: SPC SPC configuration-layer/create-layer RET. This generates a folder that looks like this:

  [layer-name]
    |__ [local]*
    | |__ [example-mode-1]
    | |     ...
    | |__ [example-mode-n]
    |__ config.el*
    |__ funcs.el*
    |__ keybindings.el*
    |__ packages.el

  [] = directory
  * = not created by the command

The packages.el file contains a list of packages that you can install in the variable <layer-name>-packages. Any package that is available on the MELPA repository can be added to the list. A list can also exclude packages using the :excluded t property. Each package requires a function to initialize it. The function must be named with this pattern: <layer-name>/init-<package-name>. This function contains configuration for the package. There are also pre/post-init functions to execute code before or after a package loads. It would look like this:

  (setq layer-name-packages '(example-package
                              ;; This layer uninstalls example-package-2
                              ;; by setting the :excluded property to true (t)
                              (example-package-2 :excluded t)))

  (defun layer-name/post-init-package ()
    ;; Add configuration to a package in another layer here
    )

  (defun layer-name/init-example-package ()
    ;; Configuration for example-package goes here
    )

Note: Only one layer can have a init function for a package. If you want to override the configuration of a package in another layer, use a <layer-name>/pre-init function in addition to use-package hooks.

If a package is not available on MELPA, you must use a local package or a package recipe. For more details see anatomy of a layer.

Make sure you add your layer to your .spacemacs file and restart to activate it.

A detailed description of the loading process and how layers work can be found in the configuration layers documentation.

Installing a single package

Sometimes creating a layer is a bit overkill. Maybe you just want one package and don't want to maintain a whole layer. Spacemacs provides a variable in the dotspacemacs/layers function in .spacemacs called dotspacemacs-additional-packages. Just add a package name to the list and it will be installed when you restart. Loading the package is covered in the next section.

Loading packages

Ever wonder how Spacemacs can load over a 100 packages in just a few seconds? Such low loading times must require some kind of unreadable black magic that no one can understand. Thanks to use-package, this is not true. It is a package that allows easy lazy-loading and configuration of packages. Here are the basics to using it:

  ;; Basic form of use-package declaration. The :defer t tells use-package to
  ;; try to lazy load the package.
  (use-package package-name
    :defer t)
  ;; The :init section is run before the package loads. The :config section is
  ;; run after the package loads
  (use-package package-name
    :defer t
    :init
    (progn
      ;; Change some variables
      (setq variable1 t variable2 nil)
      ;; Define a function
      (defun foo ()
        (message "%s" "Hello, World!")))
    :config
    (progn
      ;; Calling a function that is defined when the package loads
      (function-defined-when-package-loads)))

This is just a very basic overview of use-package. There are many other ways to control how a package loads using it that aren't covered here.

Uninstalling a package

Spacemacs provides a variable in the dotspacemacs/init function in .spacemacs called dotspacemacs-excluded-packages. Just add a package name to the list and it will be uninstalled when you restart.

Common tweaks

This section is for things many will want to change. All of these settings go in the dotspacemacs/user-config function in your .spacemacs unless otherwise noted.

Changing the escape key

Spacemacs uses evil-escape to allow escaping from many major-modes with one key binding. You can customize the variable in your dotspacemacs/user-config like this:

  (defun dotspacemacs/user-config ()
    ;; ...
    ;; Set escape keybinding to "jk"
    (setq-default evil-escape-key-sequence "jk"))

More documentation is found in the evil-escape README.

Changing the colorscheme

The .spacemacs file contains the dotspacemacs-themes variable in the dotspacemacs/init function. This is a list of themes that can be cycled through with the SPC T n key binding. The first theme in the list is the one that is loaded at startup. Here is an example:

  (defun dotspacemacs/init
      ;; Darktooth theme is the default theme
      ;; Each theme is automatically installed.
      ;; Note that we drop the -theme from the package name.
      ;; Ex. darktooth-theme -> darktooth
      (setq-default dotspacemacs-themes '(darktooth
                                          soothe
                                          gotham)))

All installed themes can be listed and chosen using the SPC T h key binding.

Nohlsearch

Spacemacs emulates the default vim behavior which highlights search results even when you are not navigating between them. You can use SPC s c or :nohlsearch to disable search result highlighting.

To disable the result highlighting when it is not needed anymore automatically, you can uninstall the evil-search-highlight-persist package.

Sessions

Spacemacs does not automatically restore your windows and buffers when you reopen it. If you use vim sessions regularly you may want to set dotspacemacs-auto-resume-layouts to t in your .spacemacs.

Navigating using visual lines

Spacemacs uses the vim default of navigating by actual lines, even if they are wrapped. If you want j and k to behave like g j and g k, add this to your .spacemacs:

  (define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd "j") 'evil-next-visual-line)
  (define-key evil-normal-state-map (kbd "k") 'evil-previous-visual-line)

Other useful links

• Emacs Manual
• Spacemacs Documentation

• Spacemacs: A Vimmer's Emacs Prerequisites

  • Note: The article refers to SPC b s as the key binding to switch buffers. It is SPC b b
• Configuring Spacemacs: A Tutorial
• From Vim to Emacs+Evil chaotic migration guide