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#+TITLE: Spacemacs documentation
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/readtheorg.css" />
* Spacemacs documentation :TOC_4_org:noexport:
- [[Core Pillars][Core Pillars]]
- [[Mnemonic][Mnemonic]]
- [[Discoverable][Discoverable]]
- [[Consistent][Consistent]]
- [[Crowd-Configured][Crowd-Configured]]
- [[Goals][Goals]]
- [[Screenshots][Screenshots]]
- [[Who can benefit from this?][Who can benefit from this?]]
- [[Update and Rollback][Update and Rollback]]
- [[Update Spacemacs repository][Update Spacemacs repository]]
- [[Automatic Updates][Automatic Updates]]
- [[Updating from the Spacemacs Buffer][Updating from the Spacemacs Buffer]]
- [[Updating Manually with git][Updating Manually with git]]
- [[Update packages][Update packages]]
- [[Configuration layers][Configuration layers]]
- [[Purpose][Purpose]]
- [[Structure][Structure]]
- [[Packages][Packages]]
- [[Within a layer][Within a layer]]
- [[Declaration][Declaration]]
- [[Initialization][Initialization]]
- [[Exclusion][Exclusion]]
- [[Without a layer][Without a layer]]
- [[Packages synchronization (Vundle like feature)][Packages synchronization (Vundle like feature)]]
- [[Types of configuration layers][Types of configuration layers]]
- [[Submitting a configuration layer upstream][Submitting a configuration layer upstream]]
- [[Example: Themes Megapack example][Example: Themes Megapack example]]
- [[Managing private configuration layers][Managing private configuration layers]]
- [[Using the private directory][Using the private directory]]
- [[Using an external Git repository][Using an external Git repository]]
- [[Using a personal branch][Using a personal branch]]
- [[Tips for writing layers][Tips for writing layers]]
- [[Dotfile Configuration][Dotfile Configuration]]
- [[Installation][Installation]]
- [[Alternative setup][Alternative setup]]
- [[Synchronization of dotfile changes][Synchronization of dotfile changes]]
- [[Testing][Testing]]
- [[Content][Content]]
- [[Using configuration layers][Using configuration layers]]
- [[Setting configuration layers variables][Setting configuration layers variables]]
- [[Excluding packages][Excluding packages]]
- [[Hooks][Hooks]]
- [[Binding keys][Binding keys]]
- [[Custom variables][Custom variables]]
- [[Main principles][Main principles]]
- [[Editing Styles][Editing Styles]]
- [[Vim][Vim]]
- [[Emacs][Emacs]]
- [[Hybrid][Hybrid]]
- [[Evilified modes][Evilified modes]]
- [[States][States]]
- [[Evil leader][Evil leader]]
- [[Universal argument][Universal argument]]
- [[Micro-states][Micro-states]]
- [[Differences between Vim, Evil and Spacemacs][Differences between Vim, Evil and Spacemacs]]
- [[The vim-surround case][The vim-surround case]]
- [[Evil plugins][Evil plugins]]
- [[Spacemacs UI][Spacemacs UI]]
- [[Graphical UI][Graphical UI]]
- [[Color themes][Color themes]]
- [[Font][Font]]
- [[Graphical UI Toggles][Graphical UI Toggles]]
- [[Global line numbers][Global line numbers]]
- [[Mouse usage][Mouse usage]]
- [[Mode-line][Mode-line]]
- [[Powerline font installation for terminal-mode users][Powerline font installation for terminal-mode users]]
- [[Flycheck integration][Flycheck integration]]
- [[Anzu integration][Anzu integration]]
- [[Battery status integration][Battery status integration]]
- [[Powerline separators][Powerline separators]]
- [[Minor Modes][Minor Modes]]
- [[Customizing the mode-line][Customizing the mode-line]]
- [[Commands][Commands]]
- [[Vim key bindings][Vim key bindings]]
- [[Escaping][Escaping]]
- [[Executing Vim and Emacs ex/M-x commands][Executing Vim and Emacs ex/M-x commands]]
- [[Leader key][Leader key]]
- [[Additional text objects][Additional text objects]]
- [[Reserved prefix command for user][Reserved prefix command for user]]
- [[Helm][Helm]]
- [[C-z and Tab switch][C-z and Tab switch]]
- [[Helm focus][Helm focus]]
- [[Helm micro-state][Helm micro-state]]
- [[Discovering][Discovering]]
- [[Key bindings][Key bindings]]
- [[Which-key][Which-key]]
- [[Helm describe key bindings][Helm describe key bindings]]
- [[Getting help][Getting help]]
- [[Available layers][Available layers]]
- [[Available packages in Spacemacs][Available packages in Spacemacs]]
- [[New packages from ELPA repositories][New packages from ELPA repositories]]
- [[Toggles][Toggles]]
- [[Navigating][Navigating]]
- [[Point/Cursor][Point/Cursor]]
- [[Smooth scrolling][Smooth scrolling]]
- [[Vim motions with avy][Vim motions with avy]]
- [[ace-link mode][ace-link mode]]
- [[Window manipulation][Window manipulation]]
- [[Window manipulation key bindings][Window manipulation key bindings]]
- [[Window manipulation micro-state][Window manipulation micro-state]]
- [[Golden ratio][Golden ratio]]
- [[Buffers and Files][Buffers and Files]]
- [[Buffers manipulation key bindings][Buffers manipulation key bindings]]
- [[Buffers manipulation micro-state][Buffers manipulation micro-state]]
- [[Special Buffers][Special Buffers]]
- [[Files manipulations key bindings][Files manipulations key bindings]]
- [[Emacs and Spacemacs files][Emacs and Spacemacs files]]
- [[Browsing files with Helm][Browsing files with Helm]]
- [[Ido][Ido]]
- [[Ido micro-state][Ido micro-state]]
- [[NeoTree file tree][NeoTree file tree]]
- [[NeoTree navigation][NeoTree navigation]]
- [[Opening files with NeoTree][Opening files with NeoTree]]
- [[Other NeoTree key bindings][Other NeoTree key bindings]]
- [[NeoTree mode-line][NeoTree mode-line]]
- [[NeoTree Source Control Integration][NeoTree Source Control Integration]]
- [[NeoTree Theme][NeoTree Theme]]
- [[Bookmarks][Bookmarks]]
- [[DocView mode][DocView mode]]
- [[Auto-saving][Auto-saving]]
- [[Frequency of auto-saving][Frequency of auto-saving]]
- [[Location of auto-saved files][Location of auto-saved files]]
- [[Disable auto-save][Disable auto-save]]
- [[Searching][Searching]]
- [[With an external tool][With an external tool]]
- [[Useful key bindings][Useful key bindings]]
- [[Searching in current file][Searching in current file]]
- [[Searching in all open buffers visiting files][Searching in all open buffers visiting files]]
- [[Searching in files in an arbitrary directory][Searching in files in an arbitrary directory]]
- [[Searching in a project][Searching in a project]]
- [[Searching the web][Searching the web]]
- [[Persistent highlighting][Persistent highlighting]]
- [[Highlight current symbol][Highlight current symbol]]
- [[Visual Star][Visual Star]]
- [[Listing symbols by semantic][Listing symbols by semantic]]
- [[Helm-swoop][Helm-swoop]]
- [[Editing][Editing]]
- [[Paste text][Paste text]]
- [[Paste Micro-state][Paste Micro-state]]
- [[Auto-indent pasted text][Auto-indent pasted text]]
- [[Text manipulation commands][Text manipulation commands]]
- [[Text insertion commands][Text insertion commands]]
- [[Smartparens Strict mode][Smartparens Strict mode]]
- [[Zooming][Zooming]]
- [[Text][Text]]
- [[Frame][Frame]]
- [[Increase/Decrease numbers][Increase/Decrease numbers]]
- [[Spell checking][Spell checking]]
- [[Region selection][Region selection]]
- [[Expand-region][Expand-region]]
- [[Indent text object][Indent text object]]
- [[Region narrowing][Region narrowing]]
- [[Line formatting][Line formatting]]
- [[Replacing text with iedit][Replacing text with iedit]]
- [[iedit states key bindings][iedit states key bindings]]
- [[Examples][Examples]]
- [[Replacing text in several files][Replacing text in several files]]
- [[Commenting][Commenting]]
- [[Deleting files][Deleting files]]
- [[Editing Lisp code][Editing Lisp code]]
- [[Lisp Key Bindings][Lisp Key Bindings]]
- [[Managing projects][Managing projects]]
- [[Registers][Registers]]
- [[Errors handling][Errors handling]]
- [[Compiling][Compiling]]
- [[Modes][Modes]]
- [[Major Mode leader key][Major Mode leader key]]
- [[Helm][Helm]]
- [[Emacs Server][Emacs Server]]
- [[Connecting to the Emacs server][Connecting to the Emacs server]]
- [[Keeping the server alive][Keeping the server alive]]
- [[Troubleshoot][Troubleshoot]]
- [[Loading fails][Loading fails]]
- [[I have no file ~/.spacemacs][I have no file ~/.spacemacs]]
- [[Achievements][Achievements]]
- [[Issues][Issues]]
- [[Merged Pull Requests][Merged Pull Requests]]
- [[Stars, forks and watchers][Stars, forks and watchers]]
- [[Gitter chat][Gitter chat]]
- [[First times][First times]]
- [[Specials][Specials]]
- [[Thank you][Thank you]]
* Core Pillars
Four core pillars: Mnemonic, Discoverability, Consistency, "Crowd-Configured".
If any of these core pillars is violated open an issue and we'll fix it.
** Mnemonic
Spacemacs organizes key bindings by mnemonic namespaces as much as possible.
If you are looking for commands to operate on your buffer, they are right under
~SPC b~, if you want to operate on your project, then it is ~SPC p~, etc...
** Discoverable
Spacemacs comes with a dedicated major mode =spacemacs-mode=. Its goal is to
give useful feedbacks and easily perform maintenance tasks.
It also comes with dedicated [[https://github.com/emacs-helm/helm][helm]] sources to quickly find layers, packages and
more.
[[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]] is enabled by default, it will display all the available key bindings
in a dedicated popup buffer.
** Consistent
Similar functionalities should have the same key binding no matter which major
is currently active. For instance if you are looking for the definition of a
function, the binding is ~SPC m g g~, =m= for =major mode= and =g g= for =go to
thing at point=. No matter what is the major mode it is the same binding to
perform this action.
This is also true for the documentation, each configuration layer comes with an
associated =README.org= file with the same base layout.
The consistency core pillar is supported by a convention file: [[file:CONVENTIONS.org][CONVENTIONS]]
** Crowd-Configured
By defining an very light structure called =configuration layer= which is easy
to understand, Spacemacs makes it easy to contribute additional support.
The conventions in [[file:CONVENTIONS.org][CONVENTIONS]] make it easy to get
the spacemacs way and keep consistency even if there are a lot of contributions.
=Crowd-configuration= is the most powerful pillar of Spacemacs. Anybody can
submit upstream improvements to configuration layers or a whole new one. Any
user can easily and directly use this layer by adding it to a list in a dotfile.
It is even possible to exclude /any/ unwanted packages.
* Goals
- *Bring the power of modal editing* to the powerful Emacs editing platform.
- Integrate nicely with =Evil= states (=Vim= modes): Spacemacs tries to *keep
your fingers on the home row* as much as possible, no matter the mode you are
in.
- *Crowd-configured*: Contribute easily your improvements and new configuration
layers.
- *Minimalistic and nice graphical UI*, keep your available screen space for
what matters: your text files.
- *Mnemonic and consistent key bindings* which should be easier to learn and
remember and be the same in all major modes.
- *Fast boot time*, everything is lazy-loaded.
- *Lower the risk of RSI* by heavily using the space bar instead of modifiers.
- Hopefully, if it's not already the case:
Ɛ>Ɛ>Ɛ> *make you love modal editing!* <3<3<3
* Screenshots
/Startup/ [[file:img/spacemacs-startup.png]]
/Python/ [[file:img/spacemacs-python.png]]
/Terminal (urxvt)/ [[file:img/spacemacs-urxvt.png]]
*Note*: Even though screenshots are updated frequently, Spacemacs is evolving
quickly and the screenshots may not reflect exactly the current state of the
project.
* Who can benefit from this?
Spacemacs is first intended to be used by *Vim users* who want to go to the
next level by using Emacs. There is a [[./VIMUSERS.org][guide]] for these users to supplement the
documentation.
It is also a good fit for people wanting to *lower the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury][risk of RSI]]* induced by
the default Emacs key bindings (this is an assumption, there are no official
studies to prove this).
Emacs users wanting to learn *a different way to edit files* or wanting to learn
Vim key bindings.
Emacs users who want a neatly organized configuration to go along with the
default Emacs keybindings (Yes, Spacemacs can be used without Vim keybindings).
As a side note, if you are a programmer and you don't know Vim key bindings yet,
I deeply recommend you to learn the basics as recommended in [[http://sachachua.com/blog/2013/05/how-to-learn-emacs-a-hand-drawn-one-pager-for-beginners/][Sacha Chua's
one-page guide]] about how to learn Emacs.
* Update and Rollback
** Update Spacemacs repository
There are several methods of updating the core files and layer information for
Spacemacs. It is recommended to update the packages first, see the next section.
*** Automatic Updates
Spacemacs will automatically check for a new version every startup. When it
detects that a new version is available a arrow will appear in the modeline.
Click it to update Spacemacs. You must restart Emacs after updating.
Update Button:
[[file:img/powerline-update.png]]
*Note*: If you use the =develop= branch of Spacemacs, you must update using git.
*** Updating from the Spacemacs Buffer
Use the button labeled "Update Spacemacs" in the Spacemacs buffer. You will be
prompted for the version you would like to use.
*Note*: If you use the =develop= branch of Spacemacs, you cannot use this method.
*** Updating Manually with git
To update manually close Emacs and update the git repository:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh
$ git pull --rebase
#+END_SRC
** Update packages
To update the Emacs packages used by Spacemacs press RET (enter) or click on the
link =[Update Packages]= in the startup page under the banner then restart
Emacs. If you prefer, you can use the command
=configuration-layer/update-packages= instead of the button.
If anything goes wrong you should be able to rollback the update by pressing
~RET~ or clicking on the =[Rollback Package Update]= link next to the =[Update
Packages]= link and choose a rollback slot (sorted by date). This button uses
the command =configuration-layer/rollback=.
* Configuration layers
*Note*: This is a very simple overview of how layers work. A more extensive
introduction to writing configuration layers can be found [[file:LAYERS.org][here]].
** Purpose
Layers help collect related packages together to provide features. For example,
the =python= layer provides auto-completion, syntax checking, and repl support
for python files. This approach helps keep configuration organized and reduces
overhead for the user by keeping them from having to think about what packages
to install
** Structure
Configuration is organized in layers. Each layer has the following structure:
#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
[layer_name]
|__ [local]
| |__ [package 1]
| | ...
| |__ [package n]
|__ config.el
|__ funcs.el
|__ keybindings.el
|__ packages.el
[] = directory
#+END_EXAMPLE
Where:
| File | Usage |
|----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| config.el | Emacs built-in configuration or mandatory configuration |
| funcs.el | Various functions and macros (often used in keybindings.el) |
| keybindings.el | Emacs built-in key bindings or mandatory key bindings |
| packages.el | The list of packages to install and the functions to initialize them |
=Packages= are =ELPA= packages which can be installed from an =ELPA= compliant
repository, local packages in a layer's =local= folder, or packages that can be
installed from an online source using =[[https://github.com/quelpa/quelpa][quelpa]]=.
** Packages
*** Within a layer
**** Declaration
=Packages= are declared in variables and =<layer>-packages= where =<layer>= is
the layer name. They are processed in alphabetical order so sometimes you'll
have to use some =eval-after-load= black magic.
Example:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq <layer>-packages '(package1 package2 ...)
#+END_SRC
For details on installing local packages using quelpa or in the layer's =local=
folder, see [[file:LAYERS.org::packages.el][LAYERS]].
**** Initialization
To initialize an extension or a package =xxx=, define a function with this
format in or =packages.el=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun <layer>/init-xxx () ...body )
#+END_SRC
It is common to define the body with the [[https://github.com/jwiegley/use-package][use-package]] macro.
**** Exclusion
It is possible to exclude some packages from Spacemacs on a per layer basis.
This is useful when a configuration layer aims to replace a stock package
declared in the Spacemacs layer.
To do so add the package names to exclude to the variable
=<layer>-excluded-packages=.
Example:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq <layer>-excluded-packages '(package1 package2 ...)
#+END_SRC
*** Without a layer
Sometimes a layer can be an unnecessary overhead, this is the case if you just
want to install a package without any configuration associated to it. A good
example is some niche language where you are only interested syntax
highlighting.
You can install such packages by adding them to the variable
=dotspacemacs-additional-packages= in your dotfile.
If you want to add some configuration for them then consider to create a layer,
or just put the configuration in the =dotspacemacs/user-config= function.
Example to install =llvm-mode= and =dts-mode=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq dotspacemacs-additional-packages '(llvm-mode dts-mode)
#+END_SRC
** Packages synchronization (Vundle like feature)
Spacemacs features a synchronization engine for the ELPA packages. It means
that Spacemacs will auto-install the new packages in =<layer>-packages= lists
/and/ auto-delete orphan packages in your =elpa= directory.
It effectively makes Spacemacs behave like [[https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim][Vundle]].
** Types of configuration layers
There are three types of configuration layers:
- core (this is the Spacemacs layer)
- private (in the =private= directory, they are ignored by Git)
- contrib (in the =layers= directory, those layers are contributions shared
by the community and merged upstream).
** Submitting a configuration layer upstream
If you decide to provide a =contrib= configuration layer, please check the
contribution guidelines in [[file:CONTRIBUTE.org][CONTRIBUTE]].
** Example: Themes Megapack example
This is a simple =contrib= configuration layer listing a bunch of themes, you
can find it [[../layers/themes-megapack][here]].
To install it, just add =themes-megapack= to your =~/.spacemacs= like so:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(themes-megapack))
#+END_SRC
You have now installed around 100 themes you are free to try with ~SPC T h~
(helm-themes).
** Managing private configuration layers
Spacemacs configuration system is flexible enough to let you manage your
private layers in different ways.
*** Using the private directory
Everything in the private directory is ignored by Git so it is a good place to
store private layers. There is a huge drawback to this approach though: /your
layers are not source controlled/.
*** Using an external Git repository
This is the recommended way to manage your private layers.
The best approach is to store all your private layers into an external Git
repository. It is especially a good practice to store them in your =dotfiles=
repository if you have one. Put also your =~/.spacemacs= file in it.
Then you are free to symlink your layers into =~/emacs.d/private= /or/ let them
anywhere you want and reference the parent directory in the variable
=dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path= of your =~/.spacemacs=.
Note that you could also have a dedicated repository for all your private layers
and then directly clone this repository in =~/.emacs.d/private=.
*** Using a personal branch
The final main way to manage your private layers is to push them in a personal
branch that you keep up to date with upstream =master= or =develop=.
** Tips for writing layers
Please refer to [[file:LAYERS.org][this]] introduction for some tips on writing layers, and how to
best make them fit with the Spacemacs philosophy and loading strategy.
* Dotfile Configuration
User configuration can be stored in your =~/.spacemacs= file.
** Installation
The very first time Spacemacs starts up, it will prompt you to choose your
editing style. Once you choose a style, the =.spacemacs= file will be created
from a template.
*** Alternative setup
Since v0.104 you have the option of using =~/.spacemacs.d/init.el= for your
dotfile instead of =~/.spacemacs=. If you want to use this option, simply move
=~/.spacemacs= to =~/.spacemacs.d/init.el=. =~/.spacemacs= will always take
priority over =~/.spacemacs.d/init.el=, so =~/.spacemacs= must be missing for
=~/.spacemacs.d/init.el= to be used by spacemacs.
If you use this option, everything that applies to =~/.spacemacs= in this guide
will now apply to =~/.spacemacs.d/init.el=.
It is also possible to override the location of =~/.spacemacs.d/= using the
environment variable =SPACEMACSDIR=. Of course you can also use symlinks to
change the location of this directory.
** Synchronization of dotfile changes
To apply the modifications made in =~/.spacemacs= press ~SPC f e R~. It will
re-execute the Spacemacs initialization process.
*Note*: A synchronization re-executes the functions =dotspacemacs/init= and
=dotspacemacs/user-config=. Depending on the content of this functions you may
encounter some unwanted side effects. For instance if you use a toggle in
=dotspacemac/user-config= to enable some behavior, this behavior will be turned
off whenever the dotfile is re-synchronized. To avoid these side-effects it is
recommended to either use =setq= expressions instead of toggle functions, or to
use the =on= or =off= versions instead (i.e. instead of
=spacemacs/toggle-<thing>=, use =spacemacs/toggle-<thing>-on= or
=spacemacs/toggle-<thing>-off=). It is possible to /skip/ the execution of
=dotspacemacs/user-config= with the universal argument (~SPC u SPC f e R~).
** Testing
You can use the command =SPC : dotspacemacs/test-dotfile= to check if your
=~/.spacemacs= looks correct. This will check, among other things, whether the
declared layers can be found and that the variables have sensible values. These
tests are also run automatically when you synchronize with ~SPC f e R~.
** Content
*** Using configuration layers
To use a configuration layer, add it to the =dotspacemacs-configuration-layers=
variable of your =~/.spacemacs=.
For instance to add the configuration layer of [[Thank you][RMS]]:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(rms))
#+END_SRC
If this layer does not exist you can still try another one in [[file:../layers][the =layers=
directory]].
Configuration layers are expected to be stored in =~/.emacs.d/private= or
=~/.emacs.d/layers=. But you are free to keep them somewhere else by declaring
additional paths where Spacemacs can look for configuration layers. This is
done by setting the list =dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path= in your
=~/.spacemacs=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path '("~/.myconfig/"))
#+END_SRC
*** Setting configuration layers variables
Some configuration layers have configuration variables to enable specific
support. For instance the [[../layers/%2Bsource-control/git][git layer]] has several configuration variables, they
can be set directly in the =dotspacemacs-configuration-layers= like this:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun dotspacemacs/layers ()
;; List of configuration layers to load.
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(auto-completion
(git :variables
git-magit-status-fullscreen t)
smex)))
#+END_SRC
*** Excluding packages
You can exclude packages you don't want to install with the variable
=dotspacemacs-excluded-packages=, this variable can exclude both packages and
extensions (see [[Configuration layers][Configuration layers]] for more info on
packages and extensions).
For instance to disable the =rainbow-delimiters= package:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-excluded-packages '(rainbow-delimiters))
#+END_SRC
When you exclude a package, Spacemacs will automatically delete it for you the
next time you launch Emacs. All the orphan dependencies are as well delete
automatically.
*** Hooks
Three special functions of the =~/.spacemacs= file can be used to perform
configuration at the beginning and end of Spacemacs loading process.
- =dotspacemacs/init= is triggered at the very beginning of Spacemacs
loading. You can configure Spacemacs variables here.
- =dotspacemacs/user-init= is also triggered at the very beginning of Spacemacs
loading. User initialization occurs here.
- =dotspacemacs/user-config= is triggered at the very end of Spacemacs
loading. Most user configuration should go here.
*** Binding keys
Key sequences are bound to commands in Emacs in various keymaps. The most basic
map is the global-map. Setting a key binding the global-map uses the function
=global-set-key= as follows (to the command =forward-char= in this case).
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(global-set-key (kbd "C-]") 'forward-char)
#+END_SRC
The =kbd= macro accepts a string describing a key sequence. The global-map is
often shadowed by other maps. For example, evil-mode defines keymaps that target
states (or modes in vim terminology). Here is an example that creates the same
binding as above but only in insert state (=define-key= is a built-in function.
Evil-mode has its own functions for defining keys).
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(define-key evil-insert-state-map (kbd "C-]") 'forward-char)
#+END_SRC
Perhaps most importantly for spacemacs is the use of the evil-leader package,
which binds keys to the evil-leader keymap. This is where most of the spacemacs
bindings live. There are two related commands from this package which are used
as follows.
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(evil-leader/set-key "C-]" 'forward-char)
(spacemacs/set-leader-keys-for-major-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode "C-]" 'forward-char)
#+END_SRC
These functions use a macro like =kbd= to translate the key sequences for you.
The second function, =spacemacs/set-leader-keys-for-major-mode=, binds the key only in the
specified mode. The second key binding would not be in effect in =org-mode= for
example.
Finally, one should be aware of prefix keys. Essentially, all keymaps can be
nested. Nested keymaps are used extensively in spacemacs, and in vanilla Emacs
for that matter. For example, ~SPC a~ points to key bindings for "applications",
like ~SPC ac~ for =calc-dispatch=. Nesting bindings is easy.
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(spacemacs/declare-prefix "]" "bracket-prefix")
(evil-leader/set-key "]]" 'double-bracket-command)
#+END_SRC
The first line declares ~SPC ]~ to be a prefix and the second binds the key
sequence ~SPC ]]~ to the corresponding command. The first line is actually
unnecessary to create the prefix, but it will give your new prefix a name that
key-discovery tools can use (e.g., which-key).
There is much more to say about bindings keys, but these are the basics. Keys
can be bound in your =~/.spacemacs= file or in individual layers.
*** Custom variables
Custom variables configuration from =M-x customize-group= which are
automatically saved by Emacs are stored at the end of your =~/.spacemacs= file.
* Main principles
** Editing Styles
*** Vim
Spacemacs behaves like in Vim using [[https://gitorious.org/evil/pages/Home][Evil]] mode package to emulate Vim key bindings.
This is the default style of Spacemacs, it can be set explicitly by setting
the =dotspacemacs-editing-style= variable to =vim= in the dotfile.
*** Emacs
Spacemacs behaves like in raw Emacs using the Holy mode which configures Evil to
make the emacs state the default state everywhere.
Set the =dotspacemacs-editing-style= variable to =emacs= in the dotfile.
In Emacs style the leader is available on ~M-m~. It is possible to dynamically
switch between evil and holy mode using ~SPC t E h~ and ~M-m t E h~.
*** Hybrid
The hybrid editing style is like the Vim style except that insert state
has all the Emacs key bindings available like in emacs state. The insert state
in hybrid mode is called the hybrid state and you have to map your key bindings
in =evil-hybrid-state-map= keymap instead of =evil-insert-state-map=.
Hybrid mode can be enabled by setting =dotspacemacs-editing-style= to =hybrid=.
To switch between evil and hybrid mode use ~SPC t E y~ and ~M-m t E y~.
** Evilified modes
Some buffers (such as Magit, for using git from within Emacs), are not for
editing text, and provide their own keybindings for certain operations. These
often conflict with Vim bindings. To make such buffers behave Vim-like in a
consistent manner, they use a special state called /evilified/ state. In
evilified state, a handful of keys work as in Evil, namely =/=, =:=, =h=, =j=,
=k=, =l=, =n=, =N=, =v=, =V=, =gg=, =G=, =C-f=, =C-b=, =C-d=, =C-u= and =C-z=.
All other keys work as intended by the underlying mode.
Shadowed keys are moved according to the pattern: =a= → =A= → =C-a= → =C-A=
For example, if the mode binds a function to =n=, that is found under =C-n= in
evilified state, since both =n= and =N= are reserved, but =C-n= is not. On the
other hand, anything originally bound to =k= will be found on =K=, since =k= is
reserved but =K= is not. If there is a binding on =K=, that will be moved to
=C-k=.
In addition to this, =C-g=, being an important escape key in Emacs, is skipped.
So anything bound to =g= originally will be found on =C-G=, since =g=, =G= and
=C-g= are all reserved.
** States
Spacemacs has 10 states:
| State | Color | Description |
|--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| normal | orange | like the =normal mode of Vim=, used to execute and combine commands |
| insert | green | like the =insert mode of Vim=, used to actually insert text |
| visual | gray | like the =visual mode of Vim=, used to make text selection |
| motion | purple | exclusive to =Evil=, used to navigate read only buffers |
| emacs | blue | exclusive to =Evil=, using this state is like using a regular Emacs without Vim |
| replace | chocolate | exclusive to =Evil=, overwrites the character under point instead of inserting a new one |
| hybrid | blue | exclusive to Spacemacs, this is like the insert state except that all the emacs key bindings are available |
| evilified | light brown | exclusive to Spacemacs, this is an =emacs state= modified to bring Vim navigation, selection and search. |
| lisp | pink | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to navigate Lisp code and modify it (more [[Editing Lisp code][info]]) |
| iedit | red | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to navigate between multiple regions of text using =iedit= (more [[Replacing text with iedit][info]]) |
| iedit-insert | red | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to replace multiple regions of text using =iedit= (more [[Replacing text with iedit][info]]) |
Note: Technically speaking there is also the =operator= evil state.
** Evil leader
Spacemacs heavily uses the [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-leader][evil-leader]] mode which brings the Vim leader key to
the Emacs world.
This leader key is commonly set to ~,~ by Vim users, in Spacemacs the leader
key is set on ~SPC~ (space bar, hence the name =spacemacs=). This key is the
most accessible key on a keyboard and it is pressed with the thumb which is a
good choice to lower the risk of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury][RSI]].
So with Spacemacs there is no need to remap your keyboard modifiers to attempt
to reduce the risk of RSI, every command can be executed very easily while you
are in =normal= mode by pressing the ~SPC~ leader key, here are a few examples:
- Save a buffer: ~SPC f s~
- Save all opened buffers: ~SPC f S~
- Open (switch) to a buffer with =helm=: ~SPC b b~
** Universal argument
The universal argument ~C-u~ is an important command in Emacs but it is also a
very handy Vim key binding to scroll up.
Spacemacs binds ~C-u~ to =scroll-up= and change the universal argument binding
to ~SPC u~.
*Note*: ~SPC u~ is not working before =helm-M-x= (~SPC :~). Instead, call
=helm-M-x= first, select the command you want to run, and press ~C-u~ before
pressing ~RETURN~. For instance: ~SPC : org-reload C-u RET~
** Micro-states
Spacemacs defines a wide variety of =micro-states= (temporary overlay maps)
where it makes sense. This prevents one from doing repetitive and tedious
presses on the ~SPC~ key.
When a =micro-state= is active, a documentation is displayed in the minibuffer.
Additional information may as well be displayed in the minibuffer.
Auto-highlight-symbol micro-state:
[[file:img/spacemacs-ahs-micro-state.png]]
[[Text][Text scale micro-state]]:
[[file:img/spacemacs-scale-micro-state.png]]
* Differences between Vim, Evil and Spacemacs
- The ~,~ key does "repeat last ~f~, ~t~, ~F~, or ~T~ command in
opposite direction in =Vim=, but in Spacemacs it is the major mode specific
leader key by default (which can be set on another key binding in the
dotfile).
- The ~Y~ key does not yank the whole line. It yanks from the current point to
the end of the line. This is more consistent with the behavior of ~C~ and ~D~
and is also recommended by the vim documentation.
Send a PR to add the differences you found in this section.
** The vim-surround case
There is one obvious visible difference though. It is not between =Evil= and
=Vim= but between Spacemacs and [[https://github.com/tpope/vim-surround][vim-surround]]: the =surround= command is on ~S~
in =vim-surround= whereas it is on ~s~ in Spacemacs.
This is something that can surprise some Vim users so let me explain why this is
the case:
- ~s~ and ~c~ do the same thing in =visual state=,
- ~s~ is only useful to delete /one/ character and add more than one character
which is a /very/ narrow use case
- ~c~ accept motions and can do everything ~s~ can do in =normal state=
- this is also true for ~r~ but ~r~ is more useful because it stays in =normal state=
- =surround= command is just a more powerful command than ~s~.
If you are not convinced, then here is the snippet to revert back to the default
=Vim + vim-surround= setup (add it to your =dotspacemacs/user-config= function or
your =~/.spacemacs=):
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(evil-define-key 'visual evil-surround-mode-map "s" 'evil-substitute)
(evil-define-key 'visual evil-surround-mode-map "S" 'evil-surround-region)
#+END_SRC
* Evil plugins
Spacemacs ships with the following evil plugins:
| Mode | Description |
|-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-leader][evil-leader]] | vim leader that bring a new layer of keys in normal mode |
| [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-indent-textobject][evil-indent-textobject]] | add text object based on indentation level |
| [[https://github.com/bling/evil-visualstar][evil-visualstar]] | search for current selection with ~*~ |
| [[https://github.com/Dewdrops/evil-exchange][evil-exchange]] | port of [[https://github.com/tommcdo/vim-exchange][vim-exchange]] |
| [[https://github.com/timcharper/evil-surround][evil-surround]] | port of [[https://github.com/tpope/vim-surround][vim-surround]] |
| [[https://github.com/redguardtoo/evil-matchit][evil-matchit]] | port of [[http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=39][matchit.vim]] |
| [[https://github.com/redguardtoo/evil-nerd-commenter][evil-nerd-commenter]] | port of [[https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter][nerdcommenter]] |
| [[https://github.com/juanjux/evil-search-highlight-persist][evil-search-highlight-persist]] | emulation of hlsearch behavior |
| [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-numbers][evil-numbers]] | like ~C-a~ and ~C-x~ in vim |
| [[https://github.com/wcsmith/evil-args][evil-args]] | motions and text objects for arguments |
| [[https://github.com/bling/evil-jumper][evil-jumper]] | jump list emulation |
| [[https://github.com/jaypei/emacs-neotree][NeoTree]] | mimic [[https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree][NERD Tree]] |
* Spacemacs UI
Spacemacs has unique UI elements to make the Emacs experience even more
enjoyable:
- dedicated startup page with a mode aimed at easily managing Spacemacs
- dedicated helm source via =helm-spacemacs=
- a [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]] buffer
** Graphical UI
Spacemacs has a minimalistic and distraction free graphical UI:
- custom [[https://github.com/milkypostman/powerline][powerline]] mode-line [[Flycheck integration][with color feedback]] according to current [[https://github.com/flycheck/flycheck][Flycheck]] status
- Unicode symbols for minor mode lighters which appear in the mode-line
- [[Errors handling][custom fringe bitmaps]] and error feedbacks for [[https://github.com/flycheck/flycheck][Flycheck]]
*** Color themes
The official Spacemacs theme is [[https://github.com/nashamri/spacemacs-theme][spacemacs-dark]] and it is the default theme
installed when you first started Spacemacs. There are two variants of the
theme, a dark one and a light one. Some aspect of these themes can be customized
in the function =dotspacemacs/user-init= of your =~/.spacemacs=:
- the comment background with the boolean =spacemacs-theme-comment-bg=
- the height of org section titles with =spacemacs-theme-org-height=
It is possible to define your default themes in your =~/.spacemacs= with the
variable =dotspacemacs-themes=. For instance, to specify =solarized-light=,
=leuven= and =zenburn=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-themes '(solarized-light leuven zenburn))
#+END_SRC
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC T n~ | switch to next theme listed in =dotspacemacs-themes=. |
| ~SPC T h~ | select a theme using a =helm= buffer. |
You can see samples of all included themes in this [[http://themegallery.robdor.com][theme gallery]] from [[http://www.twitter.com/robmerrell][Rob Merrell]].
*Note*:
- You don't need to explicitly list in a layer the theme packages you are
defining in =dotspacemacs-themes=, Spacemacs is smart enough to remove those
packages from the list of orphans.
- Due to the inner working of themes in Emacs, switching theme during the same
session may have some weird side effects. Although these side effects should
be pretty rare.
- In the terminal version of Emacs, color themes will not render correctly as
colors are rendered by the terminal and not by emacs. You will probably have
to change your terminal color palette. More explanations can be found on
[[https://github.com/sellout/emacs-color-theme-solarized#important-note-for-terminal-users][emacs-color-theme-solarized webpage]].
*Hint*: If you are an =Org= user, [[https://github.com/fniessen/emacs-leuven-theme][leuven-theme]] is amazing ;-)
*** Font
The default font used by Spacemacs is [[https://github.com/adobe-fonts/source-code-pro][Source Code Pro]] by Adobe. It is
recommended to install it on your system.
To change the default font set the variable =dotspacemacs-default-font= in your
=.spacemacs= file.
By default its value is:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-default-font '("Source Code Pro"
:size 13
:weight normal
:width normal
:powerline-scale 1.1))
#+END_SRC
The properties should be pretty straightforward, it is possible to set any valid
property of a [[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Low_002dLevel-Font.html][font-spec]]:
- =:family= Font family or fontset (a string).
- =:width= Relative character width. This should be one of the symbols:
- ultra-condensed
- extra-condensed
- condensed
- semi-condensed
- normal
- semi-expanded
- expanded
- extra-expanded
- ultra-expanded
- =:height= The height of the font. In the simplest case, this is an integer
in units of 1/10 point.
- =:weight= Font weight- one of the symbols (from densest to faintest):
- ultra-bold
- extra-bold
- bold
- semi-bold
- normal
- semi-light
- light
- extra-light
- ultra-light
- =:slant= Font slant- one of the symbols:
- italic
- oblique
- normal
- reverse-italic
- reverse-oblique
- =:size= The font size- either a non-negative integer that specifies the
pixel size, or a floating-point number that specifies the point size.
- =:adstyle= Additional typographic style information for the font, such as
'sans'. The value should be a string or a symbol.
- =:registry= The charset registry and encoding of the font, such as
'iso8859-1'. The value should be a string or a symbol.
- =:script= The script that the font must support (a symbol).
The special property =:powerline-scale= is Spacemacs specific and it is for
quick tweaking of the mode-line height in order to avoid crappy rendering of the
separators like on the following screenshot (default value is 1.1).
/Ugly separators/
#+CAPTION: ugly-separators
[[file:img/crappy-powerline-separators.png]]
*** Graphical UI Toggles
Some graphical UI indicators can be toggled on and off (toggles start with ~t~
and ~T~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC t f~ | display the fill column (by default the fill column is set to 80) |
| ~SPC t h h~ | toggle highlight of the current line |
| ~SPC t h i~ | toggle highlight indentation levels |
| ~SPC t h c~ | toggle highlight indentation current column |
| ~SPC t i~ | toggle indentation guide at point |
| ~SPC t l~ | toggle truncate lines |
| ~SPC t L~ | toggle visual lines |
| ~SPC t n~ | toggle line numbers |
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC T ~~ | display =~= in the fringe on empty lines |
| ~SPC T F~ | toggle frame fullscreen |
| ~SPC T f~ | toggle display of the fringe |
| ~SPC T m~ | toggle menu bar |
| ~SPC T M~ | toggle frame maximize |
| ~SPC T t~ | toggle tool bar |
| ~SPC T T~ | toggle frame transparency and enter transparency micro-state |
*Note*: These toggles are all available via the =helm-spacemacs= interface (press
~SPC f e h~ to display the =helm-spacemacs= buffer).
**** Global line numbers
Line numbers can be toggled on in all =prog-mode= and =text-mode= buffers by
setting the =dotspacemacs-line-numbers= variable in your =~/.spacemacs=
to something different than =nil=.
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-line-numbers t)
#+END_SRC
If it is set to =relative=, line numbers are show in a relative way:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-line-numbers 'relative)
#+END_SRC
*** Mouse usage
There are some added mouse features set for the line number margin (if shown):
- single click in line number margin visually selects the entire line
- drag across line number margin visually selects the region
- double click in line number margin visually select the current code block
*** Mode-line
The mode line is a heavily customized [[https://github.com/milkypostman/powerline][powerline]] with the following capabilities:
- show the window number
- color code for current state
- show the number of search occurrences via anzu
- toggle flycheck info
- toggle battery info
- toggle minor mode lighters
Reminder of the color codes for the states:
| Evil State | Color |
|--------------------+-----------|
| Normal | Orange |
| Insert | Green |
| Visual | Grey |
| Emacs | Blue |
| Motion | Purple |
| Replace | Chocolate |
| Lisp | Pink |
| Iedit/Iedit-Insert | Red |
Some elements can be dynamically toggled:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC t m b~ | toggle the battery status |
| ~SPC t m c~ | toggle the =org= task clock (available in =org= layer) |
| ~SPC t m m~ | toggle the minor mode lighters |
| ~SPC t m M~ | toggle the major mode |
| ~SPC t m n~ | toggle the cat! (if =colors= layer is declared in your dotfile) |
| ~SPC t m p~ | toggle the point character position |
| ~SPC t m t~ | toggle the mode line itself |
| ~SPC t m v~ | toggle the version control info |
| ~SPC t m V~ | toggle the new version lighter |
**** Powerline font installation for terminal-mode users
Users who run Emacs in terminal mode may need to install the [[https://github.com/powerline/fonts][Powerline patched
fonts]] and configure their terminal clients to use them to make the Powerline
separators render correctly.
**** Flycheck integration
When [[https://github.com/flycheck/flycheck][Flycheck]] minor mode is enabled, a new element appears showing the number of
errors, warnings and info.
#+CAPTION: powerline-wave
[[file:img/powerline-wave.png]]
**** Anzu integration
[[https://github.com/syohex/emacs-anzu][Anzu]] shows the number of occurrence when performing a search. Spacemacs
integrates nicely the Anzu status by displaying it temporarily when ~n~ or ~N~
are being pressed. See the =5/6= segment on the screenshot below.
#+CAPTION: powerline-anzu
[[file:img/powerline-anzu.png]]
**** Battery status integration
[[https://github.com/lunaryorn/fancy-battery.el][fancy-battery]] displays the percentage of total charge of the battery as well as
the time remaining to charge or discharge completely the battery.
A color code is used for the battery status:
| Battery State | Color |
|---------------+--------|
| Charging | Green |
| Discharging | Orange |
| Critical | Red |
Note the these colors may vary depending on your theme.
**** Powerline separators
It is possible to easily customize the =powerline separator= by setting the
=powerline-default-separator= variable in your =~./spacemacs=. For instance if
you want to set back the separator to the well-known =arrow= separator add the
following snippet to your configuration file:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun dotspacemacs/user-config ()
"This is were you can ultimately override default Spacemacs configuration.
This function is called at the very end of Spacemacs initialization."
(setq powerline-default-separator 'arrow))
#+END_SRC
To save you the time to try all the possible separators provided by the
powerline, here is an exhaustive set of screenshots:
| Separator | Screenshot |
|--------------+-----------------------------------|
| =alternate= | [[file:img/powerline-alternate.png]] |
| =arrow= | [[file:img/powerline-arrow.png]] |
| =arrow-fade= | [[file:img/powerline-arrow-fade.png]] |
| =bar= | [[file:img/powerline-bar.png]] |
| =box= | [[file:img/powerline-box.png]] |
| =brace= | [[file:img/powerline-brace.png]] |
| =butt= | [[file:img/powerline-butt.png]] |
| =chamfer= | [[file:img/powerline-chamfer.png]] |
| =contour= | [[file:img/powerline-contour.png]] |
| =curve= | [[file:img/powerline-curve.png]] |
| =rounded= | [[file:img/powerline-rounded.png]] |
| =roundstub= | [[file:img/powerline-roundstub.png]] |
| =slant= | [[file:img/powerline-slant.png]] |
| =wave= | [[file:img/powerline-wave.png]] |
| =zigzag= | [[file:img/powerline-zigzag.png]] |
| =nil= | [[file:img/powerline-nil.png]] |
**** Minor Modes
Spacemacs uses [[http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/DiminishedModes][diminish]] mode to reduce the size of minor mode indicators:
The minor mode area can be toggled on and off with ~SPC t m m~
Unicode symbols are displayed by default. Setting the variable
=dotspacemacs-mode-line-unicode-symbols= to =nil= in your =~/.spacemacs= will
display ASCII characters instead (may be useful in terminal if you cannot set an
appropriate font).
The letters displayed in the mode-line correspond to the key bindings used to
toggle them.
Some toggle have two flavors: local and global. The global version of the toggle
can be reached using the =control= key.
| Key Binding | Unicode | ASCII | Mode |
|-------------+---------+-------+---------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC t -~ | =⊝= | - | [[http://emacswiki.org/emacs/centered-cursor-mode.el][centered-cursor]] mode |
| ~SPC t C--~ | =⊝= | | global centered cursor |
| ~SPC t a~ | =ⓐ= | a | auto-completion |
| ~SPC t c~ | =ⓒ= | c | camel case motion with subword mode |
| =none= | =ⓔ= | e | [[https://github.com/edwtjo/evil-org-mode][evil-org]] mode |
| ~SPC t E e~ | =Ⓔe= | Ee | emacs editing style (holy mode) |
| ~SPC t E h~ | =Ⓔh= | Eh | hybrid editing style (hybrid mode) |
| ~SPC t f~ | | | fill-column-indicator mode |
| ~SPC t F~ | =Ⓕ= | F | auto-fill mode |
| ~SPC t g~ | =ⓖ= | g | [[https://github.com/roman/golden-ratio.el][golden-ratio]] mode |
| ~SPC t h i~ | =ⓗi= | hi | toggle highlight indentation levels |
| ~SPC t h c~ | =ⓗc= | hc | toggle highlight indentation current column |
| ~SPC t i~ | =ⓘ= | i | indentation guide |
| ~SPC t C-i~ | =ⓘ= | i | global indentation guide |
| ~SPC t I~ | =Ⓘ= | I | aggressive indent mode |
| ~SPC t K~ | =Ⓚ= | K | which-key mode |
| ~SPC t p~ | =ⓟ= | p | [[https://github.com/Fuco1/smartparens][smartparens]] mode |
| ~SPC t C-p~ | =ⓟ= | | global smartparens |
| ~SPC t s~ | =ⓢ= | s | syntax checking (flycheck) |
| ~SPC t S~ | =Ⓢ= | S | enabled in [[../layers/spell-checking][spell checking layer]] (flyspell) |
| ~SPC t w~ | =ⓦ= | w | whitespace mode |
| ~SPC t C-w~ | =Ⓦ= | W | global whitespace |
| ~SPC t y~ | =ⓨ= | y | [[https://github.com/capitaomorte/yasnippet][yasnippet]] mode |
**** Customizing the mode-line
Spacemacs uses [[https://github.com/TheBB/spaceline][Spaceline]] to provide its mode-line. It consists of a number of
/segments/ arranged on the left and right sides. These are defined in the
variables =spaceline-left= and =spaceline-right=. Segments can be defined using
=spaceline-define-segment=, and added to the appropriate location in the left or
right hand side variables.
Please see the Spaceline documentation for more information.
* Commands
** Vim key bindings
Spacemacs is based on =Vim= modal user interface to navigate and edit text. If
you are not familiar with the =Vim= way of editing text you can try the
[[https://github.com/syl20bnr/evil-tutor][evil-tutor]] lessons by pressing ~SPC h T~ at any time.
*** Escaping
Spacemacs uses [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/evil-escape][evil-escape]] to
easily switch between =insert state= and =normal state= by quickly pressing the
~fd~ keys.
The choice of ~fd~ was made to be able to use the same sequence to escape from
"everything" in Emacs:
- escape from all stock evil states to normal state
- escape from evil-lisp-state to normal state
- escape from evil-iedit-state to normal state
- abort evil ex command
- quit minibuffer
- abort isearch
- quit magit buffers
- quit help buffers
- quit apropos buffers
- quit ert buffers
- quit undo-tree buffer
- quit paradox
- quit gist-list menu
- quit helm-ag-edit
- hide neotree buffer
If you find yourself in a buffer where the Spacemacs (~SPC~) or Vim
keybindings don't work you can use this to get back to =normal state= (for
example in ~SPC : customize~ press ~fd~ to make ~SPC b b~ work again).
This sequence can be customized in your =~/.spacemacs=.
Example to set it to ~jj~:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun dotspacemacs/user-config ()
(setq-default evil-escape-key-sequence "jj"))
#+END_SRC
*Note*: Although ~jj~ or ~jk~ are popular choices of vim users, these key
sequences are not optimal for Spacemacs. Indeed it is very easy in =visual
state= to press quickly ~jj~ and inadvertently escape to =normal state=.
*** Executing Vim and Emacs ex/M-x commands
| Command | Key Binding |
|------------------+-------------|
| Vim (ex-command) | ~:~ |
| Emacs (M-x) | ~SPC :~ |
The command key ~:~ can be easily changed with the variable
=dotspacemacs-command-key= of your =~/.spacemacs=. Note that is will change both
~:~ and ~SPC :~ bindings to keep the symmetry between Vim and Emacs. A good key
can be ~,~ for example.
*** Leader key
On top of =Vim= modes (modes are called states in Spacemacs) there is a
special key called the leader key which once pressed gives a whole new keyboard
layer. The leader key is by default ~SPC~ (space). It is possible to change this
key with the variable =dotspacemacs-leader-key=.
*** Additional text objects
Additional text objects are defined in Spacemacs:
| Object | Description |
|---------+----------------------------|
| ~a~ | an argument |
| ~g~ | the entire buffer |
| ~$~ | text between =$= |
| ~*~ | text between =*= |
| ~8~ | text between =/*= and =*/= |
| ~%~ | text between =%= |
| ~\vert~ | text between =\vert= |
** Reserved prefix command for user
~SPC o~ and ~SPC m o~ are reserved for the user. Setting key bindings behind
these is *guaranteed* to never conflict with Spacemacs default key bindings.
*Example:* Put =(evil-leader/set-key "oc" 'org-capture)= inside
=dotspacemacs/user-config= in your =~/.spacemacs= file, to be able to use ~SPC o
c~ to run org mode capture.
** Helm
Spacemacs is powered by [[https://github.com/emacs-helm/helm][Helm]] which is an incremental completion and selection
narrowing framework.
=Helm= is the central control tower of Spacemacs, it is used to manage
buffers, projects, search results, configuration layers, toggles and more...
Mastering =Helm= will make you a Spacemacs power user. Do not hesitate to read
the [[https://github.com/emacs-helm/helm/wiki][Helm documentation wiki]].
*** C-z and Tab switch
The command bound to ~C-z~ is much more useful than the one bound to Tab, so it
makes sense to swap them. It's also recommended [[http://tuhdo.github.io/helm-intro.html][here]].
*** Helm focus
If you find yourself unable to return focus to Helm (after a careless
mouse-click for example), use ~SPC w b~ to return focus to the minibuffer.
*** Helm micro-state
Spacemacs defines a [[Micro-states][micro-state]] for =Helm= to make it work like [[https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim][Vim's Unite]]
plugin.
Initiate the micro-state with ~M-SPC~ or ~s-M-SPC~ while in a =Helm= buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|----------------------+--------------------------------------------------|
| ~M-SPC~ or ~s-M-SPC~ | initiate the micro-state |
| ~q~ | quit micro-state |
| ~TAB~ | switch to actions page and leave the micro-state |
| ~1~ | execute action 0 |
| ~2~ | execute action 1 |
| ~3~ | execute action 2 |
| ~4~ | execute action 3 |
| ~5~ | execute action 4 |
| ~6~ | execute action 5 |
| ~7~ | execute action 6 |
| ~8~ | execute action 7 |
| ~9~ | execute action 8 |
| ~0~ | execute action 9 |
| ~a~ | switch to actions page |
| ~g~ | go to first candidate |
| ~G~ | go to last candidate |
| ~h~ | go to previous source |
| ~j~ | select next candidate |
| ~k~ | select previous candidate |
| ~l~ | go to next source |
| ~t~ | mark current candidate |
| ~T~ | mark all candidates |
| ~v~ | execute persistent action |
** Discovering
*** Key bindings
**** Which-key
A help buffer is displayed each time the ~SPC~ key is pressed in normal mode.
It lists the available key bindings and their associated commands.
By default the [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]] buffer will be displayed quickly after the key has been
pressed. You can change the delay by setting the variable
=dotspacemacs-which-key-delay= to your liking (the value is in second).
**** Helm describe key bindings
It is possible to search for specific key bindings by pressing ~SPC ?~.
To narrow the list to some key bindings using the leader key type a pattern like
this regular expression: ~SPC\ b~ which would list all =buffer= related
bindings.
*** Getting help
=Describe functions= are powerful Emacs introspection commands to get
information about functions, variables, modes etc. These commands are bound
thusly:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC h d b~ | describe bindings in a =helm= buffer |
| ~SPC h d c~ | describe current character under point |
| ~SPC h d f~ | describe a function |
| ~SPC h d F~ | describe a face |
| ~SPC h d k~ | describe a key |
| ~SPC h d K~ | describe a keymap |
| ~SPC h d m~ | describe current modes |
| ~SPC h d p~ | describe a package |
| ~SPC h d s~ | copy system information that you can paste in gitter chat |
| ~SPC h d t~ | describe a theme |
| ~SPC h d v~ | describe a variable |
Other help key bindings:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC h SPC~ | discover Spacemacs documentation, layers and packages using =helm= |
| ~SPC h i~ | search in info pages with the symbol at point |
| ~SPC h k~ | show top-level bindings with =which-key= |
| ~SPC h L~ | go to library a implementation |
| ~SPC h m~ | search available man pages |
Navigation key bindings in =help-mode=:
| Key Binding | Description |
|--------------+-----------------------------------------------------|
| ~g b~ or ~[~ | go back (same as clicking on =[back]= button) |
| ~g f~ or ~]~ | go forward (same as clicking on =[forward]= button) |
| ~g h~ | go to help for symbol under point |
*** Available layers
All layers can be easily discovered via =helm-spacemacs= accessible with ~SPC f
e h~.
The following helm actions are available:
- default: open the layer =README.org=
- 2nd: open the layer =packages.el=
- 3nd: open the layer =extensions.el=
**** Available packages in Spacemacs
=helm-spacemacs= also lists all the packages available in Spacemacs. The entry
format is =(layer) packages=. If you type =flycheck= you'll be able to see all
the layers where =flycheck= is used.
The following helm actions are available on packages:
- default: go the package init function
**** New packages from ELPA repositories
=package-list-packages= is where you can browse for all available packages in the
different Elpa repositories. It is possible to upgrade packages from there but
it is not recommended, use the =[Update Packages]= link on the Spacemacs startup
page instead.
Spacemacs uses [[https://github.com/Bruce-Connor/paradox][Paradox]] instead of =package-list-packages= to list available
ELPA packages. Paradox enhances the package list buffer with better feedbacks,
new filters and Github information like the number of stars. Optionally you can
also star packages directly in the buffer.
*Important Note 1*: Installing a new package from =Paradox= won't make it
persistent. To install a package persistently you have to add it explicitly to a
configuration layer.
*Important Note 2*: Don't /update/ your packages from =Paradox= or
=package-list-packages= because they don't support the rollback feature of
Spacemacs.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC a k~ | launch =paradox= |
| ~/~ | evil-search |
| ~f k~ | filter by keywords |
| ~f r~ | filter by regexp |
| ~f u~ | display only installed package with updates available |
| ~h~ | go left |
| ~H~ | show help (not accurate) |
| ~j~ | go down |
| ~k~ | go up |
| ~l~ | go right |
| ~L~ | show last commits |
| ~n~ | next search occurrence |
| ~N~ | previous search occurrence |
| ~o~ | open package homepage |
| ~r~ | refresh |
| ~S P~ | sort by package name |
| ~S S~ | sort by status (installed, available, etc...) |
| ~S *~ | sort by Github stars |
| ~v~ | =visual state= |
| ~V~ | =visual-line state= |
| ~x~ | execute (action flags) |
*** Toggles
=helm-spacemacs= is also a central place to discover the available toggles. To
display only the toggles source press ~C-l~ (or in [[Helm micro-state][Helm micro-state]] you can
press just ~l~).
The following helm actions are available on packages:
- default: toggle on/off
*Tips* Use ~SPC h l~ to resume the last helm session. It is handy to quickly
toggle on and off a toggle.
** Navigating
*** Point/Cursor
Navigation is performed using the Vi key bindings ~hjkl~.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~h~ | move cursor left |
| ~j~ | move cursor down |
| ~k~ | move cursor up |
| ~l~ | move cursor right |
| ~H~ | move cursor to the top of the screen |
| ~L~ | move cursor to the bottom of the screen |
| ~SPC j h~ | go to the beginning of line (and set a mark at the previous location in the line) |
| ~SPC j l~ | go to the end of line (and set a mark at the previous location in the line) |
| ~SPC t -~ | lock the cursor at the center of the screen |
**** Smooth scrolling
[[https://github.com/aspiers/smooth-scrolling][smooth-scrolling]] prevent the point to jump when it reaches the top or
bottom of the screen. It is enabled by default.
On Windows, you may want to disable it. To disable the smooth scrolling set the
=dotspacemacs-smooth-scrolling= variable in your =~/.spacemacs= to =nil=:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-smooth-scrolling t)
#+END_SRC
*** Vim motions with avy
Spacemacs uses the =evil= integration of [[https://github.com/abo-abo/avy][avy]] which enables the
invocation of =avy= during motions.
It is useful for deleting visually a set of lines, try the following sequence in
a buffer containing some text: ~d SPC y~
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC SPC~ | initiate avy jump word |
| ~SPC y~ | initiate avy jump line |
| ~SPC `~ | go back to the previous location (before the jump) |
*Hint*: you may change to char mode by ~C-c C-c~ in word mode.
**** ace-link mode
Similar to =avy=, [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-link][ace-link]] allows one to jump to any link in
=help-mode= and =info-mode= with two key strokes.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------|
| ~o~ | initiate ace link mode in =help-mode= and =info-mode= |
*** Window manipulation
**** Window manipulation key bindings
Every window has a number displayed at the start of the mode-line and
can be quickly accessed using =SPC number=.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------|
| ~SPC 1~ | go to window number 1 |
| ~SPC 2~ | go to window number 2 |
| ~SPC 3~ | go to window number 3 |
| ~SPC 4~ | go to window number 4 |
| ~SPC 5~ | go to window number 5 |
| ~SPC 6~ | go to window number 6 |
| ~SPC 7~ | go to window number 7 |
| ~SPC 8~ | go to window number 8 |
| ~SPC 9~ | go to window number 9 |
| ~SPC 0~ | go to window number 0 |
Windows manipulation commands (start with ~w~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC w =~ | balance split windows |
| ~SPC w b~ | force the focus back to the minibuffer (usefull with =helm= popups) |
| ~SPC w c~ | close a window |
| ~SPC w C~ | delete another window using [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-window][ace-delete-window]] |
| ~SPC w d~ | toggle window dedication (dedicated window cannot be reused by a mode) |
| ~SPC w h~ | move to window on the left |
| ~SPC w H~ | move window to the left |
| ~SPC w j~ | move to window below |
| ~SPC w J~ | move window to the bottom |
| ~SPC w k~ | move to window above |
| ~SPC w K~ | move window to the top |
| ~SPC w l~ | move to window on the right |
| ~SPC w L~ | move window to the right |
| ~SPC w m~ | maximize/minimize a window (maximize is equivalent to delete other windows) |
| ~SPC w M~ | maximize/minimize a window, when maximized the buffer is centered |
| ~SPC w o~ | cycle and focus between frames |
| ~SPC w p m~ | open messages buffer in a popup window |
| ~SPC w p p~ | close the current sticky popup window |
| ~SPC w R~ | rotate windows clockwise |
| ~SPC w s~ or ~SPC w /~ | horizontal split |
| ~SPC w S~ | horizontal split and focus new window |
| ~SPC w u~ | undo window layout (used to effectively undo a closed window) |
| ~SPC w U~ | redo window layout |
| ~SPC w v~ or ~SPC w -~ | vertical split |
| ~SPC w V~ | vertical split and focus new window |
| ~SPC w w~ | cycle and focus between windows |
| ~SPC w SPC~ | select window using [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-window][ace-window]] |
**** Window manipulation micro-state
A convenient window manipulation micro-state allows to perform most of the
actions listed above. The micro-state allows additional actions as well like
window resizing.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC w .~ | initiate micro-state |
| ~?~ | display the full documentation in minibuffer |
| ~0~ | go to window number 0 |
| ~1~ | go to window number 1 |
| ~2~ | go to window number 2 |
| ~3~ | go to window number 3 |
| ~4~ | go to window number 4 |
| ~5~ | go to window number 5 |
| ~6~ | go to window number 6 |
| ~7~ | go to window number 7 |
| ~8~ | go to window number 8 |
| ~9~ | go to window number 9 |
| ~-~ | vertical split |
| ~/~ | horizontal split |
| ~[~ | shrink window horizontally |
| ~]~ | enlarge window horizontally |
| ~{~ | shrink window vertically |
| ~}~ | enlarge window vertically |
| ~c~ | close window |
| ~C~ | close other windows |
| ~g~ | toggle =golden-ratio= on and off |
| ~h~ | go to window on the left |
| ~j~ | go to window below |
| ~k~ | go to window above |
| ~l~ | go to window on the right |
| ~H~ | move window to the left |
| ~J~ | move window to the bottom |
| ~K~ | move bottom to the top |
| ~L~ | move window to the right |
| ~o~ | focus other frame |
| ~R~ | rotate windows |
| ~s~ | horizontal split |
| ~S~ | horizontal split and focus new window |
| ~u~ | undo window layout (used to effectively undo a closed window) |
| ~U~ | redo window layout |
| ~v~ | vertical split |
| ~V~ | horizontal split and focus new window |
| ~w~ | focus other window |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
**** Golden ratio
If you resize windows like crazy you may want to give a try to [[https://github.com/roman/golden-ratio.el][golden-ratio]].
=golden-ratio= resizes windows dynamically depending on whether they are
selected or not. By default =golden-ratio= is off.
The mode can be toggled on and off with ~SPC t g~.
*** Buffers and Files
Since =helm= is used everywhere, by default Spacemacs uses =helm= to open files.
Some users prefer the =ido= way to navigate the file system because it can
remember the last selected directories and buffers and ~RET~ is used to open
directories instead of ~TAB~ or ~C-z~ in =helm=. It is possible to use =ido=
instead of =helm= by setting the variable =dotspacemacs-use-ido= to =t= in your
dotfile.
**** Buffers manipulation key bindings
Buffer manipulation commands (start with ~b~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC TAB~ | switch to alternate buffer in the current window (switch back and forth) |
| ~SPC b b~ | switch to a buffer using =helm= |
| ~SPC b d~ | kill the current buffer (does not delete the visited file) |
| ~SPC b e~ | erase the content of the buffer (ask for confirmation) |
| ~SPC b h~ | open =*spacemacs*= home buffer |
| ~SPC b k~ | kill a buffer |
| ~SPC b K~ | kill all buffers except the current one |
| ~SPC b C-k~ | kill all buffers matching the regexp |
| ~SPC b m h~ | move a buffer to the left |
| ~SPC b m j~ | move a buffer to the bottom |
| ~SPC b m k~ | move a buffer to the top |
| ~SPC b m l~ | move a buffer to the right |
| ~SPC b M~ | swap windows using [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-window][ace-swap-window]] |
| ~SPC b n~ | switch to next buffer avoiding special buffers |
| ~SPC b p~ | switch to previous buffer avoiding special buffers |
| ~SPC b P~ | copy clipboard and replace buffer (useful when pasting from a browser) |
| ~SPC b R~ | revert the current buffer (reload from disk) |
| ~SPC b s~ | switch to the =*scratch*= buffer (create it if needed) |
| ~SPC b w~ | toggle read-only (writable state) |
| ~SPC b Y~ | copy whole buffer to clipboard (useful when copying to a browser) |
| ~z f~ | Make current function or comments visible in buffer as much as possible |
**** Buffers manipulation micro-state
A convenient buffer manipulation micro-state allows to quickly cycles through
the opened buffer and kill them.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+-----------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC b .~ | initiate micro-state |
| ~K~ | kill current buffer |
| ~n~ | go to next buffer (avoid special buffers) |
| ~N~ | go to previous buffer (avoid special buffers) |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
**** Special Buffers
Unlike vim, emacs creates many buffers that most people do not need to see. Some
examples are =*Messages*= and =*Compile-Log*=. Spacemacs tries to automatically
ignore buffers that are not useful. However, you may want to change the way
Spacemacs marks buffers as useful. For instructions, see the [[file:FAQ.org::Change%20special%20buffer%20rules?][special buffer howto]].
**** Files manipulations key bindings
Files manipulation commands (start with ~f~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC f c~ | copy current file to a different location |
| ~SPC f C d~ | convert file from unix to dos encoding |
| ~SPC f C u~ | convert file from dos to unix encoding |
| ~SPC f D~ | delete a file and the associated buffer (ask for confirmation) |
| ~SPC f E~ | open a file with elevated privileges (sudo edit) |
| ~SPC f f~ | open file with =helm= (or =ido=) |
| ~SPC f F~ | try to open the file under point =helm= |
| ~SPC f j~ | jump to the current buffer file in dired |
| ~SPC f l~ | open file literally in =fundamental mode= |
| ~SPC f L~ | Locate a file (using =locate=) |
| ~SPC f o~ | open a file using the default external program |
| ~SPC f R~ | rename the current file |
| ~SPC f s~ | save a file |
| ~SPC f S~ | save all files |
| ~SPC f r~ | open a recent file with =helm= |
| ~SPC f t~ | toggle file tree side bar using [[https://github.com/jaypei/emacs-neotree][NeoTree]] |
| ~SPC f v d~ | add a directory variable |
| ~SPC f v f~ | add a local variable to the current file |
| ~SPC f v p~ | add a local variable to the first line of the current file |
| ~SPC f y~ | show current file absolute path in the minibuffer |
**** Emacs and Spacemacs files
Convenient key bindings are located under the prefix ~SPC f e~ to quickly
navigate between =Emacs= and Spacemacs specific files.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC f e c~ | open =ido= in the =contrib= folder |
| ~SPC f e d~ | open the spacemacs dotfile (=~/.spacemacs=) |
| ~SPC f e D~ | open =ediff= buffer of =~/.spacemacs= and =.spacemacs.template= |
| ~SPC f e h~ | discover Spacemacs documentation, layers and packages using =helm= |
| ~SPC f e f~ | discover the =FAQ= using =helm= |
| ~SPC f e i~ | open the all mighty =init.el= |
| ~SPC f e R~ | resync the dotfile with spacemacs |
| ~SPC f e v~ | display and copy the spacemacs version |
Additionally, ~SPC h SPC~ is a alias for ~SPC f e h~.
**** Browsing files with Helm
In =vim= and =hybrid= styles, Spacemacs remap the navigation in Helm find-files
to keep finger on the home row.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------|
| ~C-h~ | go up one level (parent directory |
| ~C-H~ | describe key (replace ~C-h~) |
| ~C-j~ | go to previous candidate |
| ~C-k~ | go to next candidate |
| ~C-l~ | enter current directory |
*** Ido
Spacemacs displays the =ido= minibuffer vertically thanks to the
[[https://github.com/gempesaw/ido-vertical-mode.el][ido-vertical-mode]].
Basic =ido= operations can be done with ~Ctrl~ key:
| Key Binding | Description |
|--------------------+---------------------------------------------------|
| ~C-<return>~ | open a =dired buffer= |
| ~M-<return>~ | open a =dired buffer= in terminal |
| ~C-d~ | delete selected file (ask for confirmation) |
| ~C-h~ | go to parent directory |
| ~C-j~ | select next file or directory |
| ~C-k~ | select previous file or directory |
| ~C-l~ | open the selected file |
| ~C-n~ | select next file or directory |
| ~C-o~ | open selected file in other window |
| ~C-p~ | select previous file or directory |
| ~C-s~ | open selected file in a vertically split window |
| ~C-t~ | open selected file in a new frame |
| ~C-v~ | open selected file in a horizontally split window |
| ~C-S-h~ | go to previous directory |
| ~C-S-j~ or ~C-S-n~ | next history element |
| ~C-S-k~ or ~C-S-p~ | previous history element |
| ~C-S-l~ | go to next directory |
*** Ido micro-state
Spacemacs defines a [[Micro-states][micro-state]] for =ido=.
Initiate the micro-state with ~M-SPC~ or ~s-M-SPC~ while in an =ido= buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|----------------------+-------------------------------------|
| ~M-SPC~ or ~s-M-SPC~ | initiate or leave the micro-state |
| ~?~ | display help |
| ~e~ | open dired |
| ~h~ | delete backward or parent directory |
| ~j~ | next match |
| ~J~ | sub directory |
| ~k~ | previous match |
| ~K~ | parent directory |
| ~l~ | select match |
| ~n~ | next directory in history |
| ~o~ | open in other window |
| ~p~ | previous directory in history |
| ~q~ | quit micro-state |
| ~s~ | open in a new horizontal split |
| ~t~ | open in other frame |
| ~v~ | open in a new vertical split |
*** NeoTree file tree
Spacemacs provides a quick and simple way to navigate in an unknown project
file tree with [[https://github.com/jaypei/emacs-neotree][NeoTree]].
To toggle the =NeoTree= buffer press ~SPC f t~ or ~SPC p t~ (the latter open
NeoTree with the root set to the projectile project root).
The NeoTree window always has the number =0= so it does not shift the current
number of the other windows. To select the NeoTree window you then use ~SPC 0~.
VCS integration is supported, the file color will change depending on its
current state. With default =spacemacs-dark= theme:
- green: new file
- purple: modified file
**** NeoTree navigation
Navigation is centered on the ~hjkl~ with the hope to provide a fast navigation
experience like in [[http://ranger.nongnu.org/][ranger]]:
| Key Binding | Description |
|--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~h~ | collapse expanded directory or go to parent node |
| ~H~ | previous sibling |
| ~j~ | next file or directory |
| ~J~ | next expanded directory on level down |
| ~k~ | previous file or directory |
| ~K~ | parent directory, when reaching the root change it to parent directory |
| ~l~ or ~RET~ | expand directory |
| ~L~ | next sibling |
| ~R~ | make a directory the root directory |
*Note*: The point is automatically set to the first letter of a node for a
smoother experience.
**** Opening files with NeoTree
By default a file is opened in the last active window. It is possible to choose
window number where to open a file by using a numeric argument, for instance ~2
l~ or ~2 RET~ will open the current file in window 2. It is also possible to
open the file in a split window with ~|~ and ~-~:
| Key Binding | Description |
|------------------+-------------------------------------------|
| ~l~ or ~RET~ | open file in last active window |
| ~# l~ or ~# RET~ | open file in window number =#= |
| ~¦~ | open file in an vertically split window |
| ~-~ | open file in an horizontally split window |
**** Other NeoTree key bindings
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+---------------------------------|
| ~TAB~ | toggle stretching of the buffer |
| ~c~ | create a node |
| ~d~ | delete a node |
| ~gr~ | refresh |
| ~s~ | toggle showing of hidden files |
| ~q~ or ~fd~ | hide =NeoTree= buffer |
| ~r~ | rename a node |
**** NeoTree mode-line
The mode-line has the following format =[x/y] d (D:a, F:b)= where:
- =x= is the index of the current selected file or directory
- =y= the total number of items (file and directory) in the current directory
- =d= the name of the current directory
- =a= the number of directories in the current directory
- =b= the number of files in the current directory
**** NeoTree Source Control Integration
If you would like NeoTree to show source control information, you can use the
setting =neo-vc-integration=. It is a list containing the possible values:
| Setting | Description |
|---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| =face= | Show information by changing the color of the file/directory name. |
| =char= | Show information with a character to the left of the file/directory name. |
The default is =nil= (do not show source control information), which is recommended.
For example,
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq neo-vc-integration 'face)
#+END_SRC
*Note*: At this time, it is not recommended to set this to anything other
than =nil=. Otherwise, it will become very slow with larger source trees.
See https://github.com/jaypei/emacs-neotree/issues/126 for more information.
**** NeoTree Theme
You can change the NeoTree theme by using the setting =neo-theme=. Possible
values are:
| Setting | Description |
|-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------|
| =classic= | Use an icon to display items - only suitable for gui mode. |
| =ascii= | The simplest style, it will use =x=, =-= to display fold status. |
| =arrow= | Use unicode arrows to display fold status. |
| =nerd= | Use the NERDTree indentation mode and arrows. |
The default is =classic=.
Use =nerd= if you want it to look most like NERDTree in VIM. For example:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq neo-theme 'nerd)
#+END_SRC
*** Bookmarks
Bookmarks can be set anywhere in a file. Bookmarks are persistent. They are very
useful to jump to/open a known project. Spacemacs uses =helm-bookmarks= to
manage them.
Open an =helm= window with the current bookmarks by pressing: ~SPC h b~
Then in the =helm-bookmarks= buffer:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------|
| ~C-d~ | delete the selected bookmark |
| ~C-e~ | edit the selected bookmark |
| ~C-f~ | toggle filename location |
| ~C-o~ | open the selected bookmark in another window |
To save a new bookmark, just type the name of the bookmark and press ~RET~.
*** DocView mode
=doc-view-mode= is a built-in major mode to view DVI, PostScript (PS), PDF,
OpenDocument, and Microsoft Office documents.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+------------------------------------------|
| ~/~ | search forward |
| ~?~ | search backward |
| ~+~ | enlarge |
| ~-~ | shrink |
| ~gg~ | go to first page |
| ~G~ | go to last page |
| ~gt~ | go to page number |
| ~h~ | previous page |
| ~H~ | adjust to height |
| ~j~ | next line |
| ~k~ | previous line |
| ~K~ | kill proc and buffer |
| ~l~ | next page |
| ~n~ | go to next search occurrence |
| ~N~ | go to previous search occurrence |
| ~P~ | fit page to window |
| ~r~ | revert |
| ~W~ | adjust to width |
| ~C-d~ | scroll down |
| ~C-k~ | kill proc |
| ~C-u~ | scroll up |
| ~C-c C-c~ | toggle display text and image display |
| ~C-c C-t~ | open new buffer with doc's text contents |
** Auto-saving
*** Frequency of auto-saving
By default auto-saving of files is performed every 300 characters and
every 30 seconds of idle time which can be changed by setting to a
new value the variables =auto-save-inteval= and =auto-save-timeout=
respectively.
*** Location of auto-saved files
Auto-save of modified files can be performed in-place on the original file
itself /or/ in the cache directory (in this case the original file will remain
unsaved). By default Spacemacs auto-save the file in the cache directory.
To modify the location set the variable =dotspacemacs-auto-save-file-location=
to =original= or =cache=.
Local files are auto-saved in a sub-directory called =site= in the =cache=
directory whereas remote files (i.e. files edited over TRAMP) are auto-saved
in a sub-directory called =dist=.
*** Disable auto-save
To disable auto-saving set the variable =dotspacemacs-auto-save-file-location=
to =nil=.
You can toggle auto-save in a buffer by calling the command =auto-save-mode=.
** Searching
*** With an external tool
Spacemacs can be interfaced with different search utilities like:
- ack
- grep
- [[https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher][ag]]
- [[https://github.com/monochromegane/the_platinum_searcher][pt]]
The search commands in Spacemacs are organized under the ~SPC s~ prefix with the
next key is the tool to use and the last key is the scope. For instance ~SPC s a
b~ will search in all opened buffers using =ag=.
If the last key (determining the scope) is uppercase then the current region or
symbol under point is used as default input for the search. For instance ~SPC s
a B~ will search with symbol under point (if there is no active region).
If the tool key is omitted then a default tool will be automatically selected
for the search. This tool corresponds to the first tool found on the system of
the list =dotspacemacs-search-tools=, the default order is =ag=, =pt=, =ack=
then =grep=. For instance ~SPC s b~ will search in the opened buffers using =pt=
if =ag= has not been found on the system.
The tool keys are:
| Tool | Key |
|------+-----|
| ag | a |
| grep | g |
| ack | k |
| pt | t |
The available scopes and corresponding keys are:
| Scope | Key |
|----------------------------+-----|
| opened buffers | b |
| files in a given directory | f |
| current project | p |
It is possible to search in the current file by double tapping the second key
of the sequence, for instance ~SPC s a a~ will search in the current
file with =ag=.
*Notes*:
- =ag= and =pt= are optimized to be used in a source control repository but
they can be used in an arbitrary directory as well.
- It is also possible to search in several directories at once by marking
them in the helm buffer.
*Beware* if you use =pt=, [[https://core.tcl.tk/tcllib/doc/trunk/embedded/www/tcllib/files/apps/pt.html][TCL parser tools]] also install a command line tool
called =pt=.
**** Useful key bindings
| Key Binding | Description |
|-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC h l~ | resume the last =helm= buffer |
| ~F3~ | in a =helm= buffer, convert a =helm= search buffer into a regular buffer |
| ~SPC s `~ | go back to the previous place reached with =helm-ag= |
| ~SPC s l~ | focus the last converted search buffer |
| Prefix argument | will ask for file extensions |
**** Searching in current file
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC s s~ | search with the first found tool |
| ~SPC s S~ | search with the first found tool with default input |
| ~SPC s a a~ | =ag= |
| ~SPC s a A~ | =ag= with default input |
| ~SPC s g g~ | =grep= |
| ~SPC s g G~ | =grep= with default input |
**** Searching in all open buffers visiting files
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC s b~ | search with the first found tool |
| ~SPC s B~ | search with the first found tool with default input |
| ~SPC s a b~ | =ag= |
| ~SPC s a B~ | =ag= with default text |
| ~SPC s g b~ | =grep= |
| ~SPC s g B~ | =grep= with default text |
| ~SPC s k b~ | =ack= |
| ~SPC s k B~ | =ack= with default text |
| ~SPC s t b~ | =pt= |
| ~SPC s t B~ | =pt= with default text |
**** Searching in files in an arbitrary directory
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC s f~ | search with the first found tool |
| ~SPC s F~ | search with the first found tool with default input |
| ~SPC s a f~ | =ag= |
| ~SPC s a F~ | =ag= with default text |
| ~SPC s g f~ | =grep= |
| ~SPC s g F~ | =grep= with default text |
| ~SPC s k f~ | =ack= |
| ~SPC s k F~ | =ack= with default text |
| ~SPC s t f~ | =pt= |
| ~SPC s t F~ | =pt= with default text |
**** Searching in a project
| Key Binding | Description |
|-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC /~ or ~SPC s p~ | search with the first found tool |
| ~SPC *~ or ~SPC s P~ | search with the first found tool with default input |
| ~SPC s a p~ | =ag= |
| ~SPC s a P~ | =ag= with default text |
| ~SPC s g p~ | =grep= with default text |
| ~SPC s k p~ | =ack= |
| ~SPC s k P~ | =ack= with default text |
| ~SPC s t p~ | =pt= |
| ~SPC s t P~ | =pt= with default text |
*Hint*: It is also possible to search in a project without needing to open a
file beforehand. To do so use ~SPC p p~ and then ~C-s~ on a given project to
directly search into it like with ~SPC s p~.
**** Searching the web
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC s w g~ | Get Google suggestions in emacs. Opens Google results in Browser. |
| ~SPC s w w~ | Get Wikipedia suggestions in emacs. Opens Wikipedia page in Browser. |
*** Persistent highlighting
Spacemacs uses =evil-search-highlight-persist= to keep the searched expression
highlighted until the next search. It is also possible to clear the highlighting
by pressing ~SPC s c~ or executing the ex command =:noh=.
*** Highlight current symbol
Spacemacs supports highlighting of the current symbol on demand (provided by
[[https://github.com/emacsmirror/auto-highlight-symbol][auto-highlight-symbol]] mode) and adds a micro-state to easily navigate and rename
this symbol.
It is also possible to change the range of the navigation on the fly to:
- buffer
- function
- visible area
To initiate the highlighting of the current symbol under point press ~SPC s h~.
Navigation between the highlighted symbols can be done with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~/~ | initiate navigation micro-state on current symbol and jump forwards |
| ~#~ | initiate navigation micro-state on current symbol and jump backwards |
| ~SPC s e~ | edit all occurrences of the current symbol(/) |
| ~SPC s h~ | highlight the current symbol and all its occurrence within the current range |
| ~SPC s H~ | go to the last searched occurrence of the last highlighted symbol |
| ~SPC t h a~ | toggle automatic highlight of symbol under point after =ahs-idle-interval= seconds |
In 'Spacemacs' highlight symbol micro-state:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~e~ | edit occurrences (*) |
| ~n~ | go to next occurrence |
| ~N~ | go to previous occurrence |
| ~d~ | go to next definition occurrence |
| ~D~ | go to previous definition occurrence |
| ~r~ | change range (=function=, =display area=, =whole buffer=) |
| ~R~ | go to home occurrence (reset position to starting occurrence) |
| Any other key | leave the navigation micro-state |
(*) using [[https://github.com/tsdh/iedit][iedit]] or the default implementation
of =auto-highlight-symbol=
The micro-state text in minibuffer display the following information:
#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
<M> [6/11]* press (n/N) to navigate, (e) to edit, (r) to change range or (R)
for reset
#+END_EXAMPLE
Where =<M> [x/y]*= is:
- M: the current range mode
- =<B>=: whole buffer range
- =<D>=: current display range
- =<F>=: current function range
- =x=: the index of the current highlighted occurrence
- =y=: the total number of occurrences
- =*=: appears if there is at least one occurrence which is not currently visible.
*** Visual Star
With [[https://github.com/bling/evil-visualstar][evil-visualstar]] you can search for the next occurrence of the current
selection.
It is pretty useful combined with the [[Region selection][expand-region]] bindings.
*Note*: If the current state is not the =visual state= then pressing ~*~ uses
auto-highlight-symbol and its micro-state.
*** Listing symbols by semantic
Use =helm-semantic-or-imenu= command from =Helm= to quickly navigate between the
symbols in a buffer.
To list all the symbols of a buffer press: ~SPC s j~
*** Helm-swoop
This is very similar to =moccur=, it displays a =helm= buffer with all the
occurrences of the word under point. You can then change the search query in
real-time and navigate between them easily.
You can even edit the occurrences directly in the =helm= buffer and apply the
modifications to the buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------|
| ~SPC s s~ | execute =helm-swoop= |
| ~SPC s S~ | execute =helm-multi-swoop= |
| ~SPC s C-s~ | execute =helm-multi-swoop-all= |
** Editing
*** Paste text
**** Paste Micro-state
The paste micro-state can be enabled by settings the variable
=dotspacemacs-enable-paste-micro-state= to =t=. By default it is disabled.
When the micro-state is enabled, pressing ~p~ again will replace the pasted text
with the previous yanked (copied) text on the kill ring.
For example if you copy =foo= and =bar= then press ~p~ the text =bar= will
be pasted, pressing ~p~ again will replace =bar= with =foo=.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~p~ or ~P~ | paste the text before or after point and initiate the =paste= micro-state |
| ~p~ | in micro-state: replace paste text with the previously copied one |
| ~P~ | in micro-state: replace paste text with the next copied one |
| ~.~ | paste the same text and leave the micro-state |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
**** Auto-indent pasted text
By default any pasted text will be auto-indented. To paste text un-indented use
the universal argument.
It is possible to disable the auto-indentation for specific major-modes by
adding a major-mode to the variable =spacemacs-indent-sensitive-modes= in your
=dotspacemacs/user-config= function.
*** Text manipulation commands
Text related commands (start with ~x~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC x o~ | use avy to select a link in the buffer and open it |
| ~SPC x u~ | set the selected text to lower case |
| ~SPC x U~ | set the selected text to upper case |
| ~SPC x a a~ | align region (or guessed section) using default rules |
| ~SPC x a r~ | align region using user-specified regexp |
| ~SPC x a m~ | align region at arithmetic operators (+-*/) |
| ~SPC x a .~ | align region at . (for numeric tables) |
| ~SPC x a ,~ | align region at , |
| ~SPC x a ;~ | align region at ; |
| ~SPC x a =~ | align region at = |
| ~SPC x a &~ | align region at & |
| ~SPC x a ¦~ | align region at ¦ |
| ~SPC x c~ | count the number of chars/words/lines in the selection region |
| ~SPC x d w~ | delete trailing whitespaces |
| ~SPC x g l~ | set languages used by translate commands |
| ~SPC x g t~ | translate current word using Google Translate |
| ~SPC x g T~ | reverse source and target languages |
| ~SPC x J~ | move down a line of text (enter micro-state) |
| ~SPC x K~ | move up a line of text (enter micro-state) |
| ~SPC x l s~ | sort lines |
| ~SPC x l u~ | uniquify lines |
| ~SPC x t c~ | swap (transpose) the current character with the previous one |
| ~SPC x t w~ | swap (transpose) the current word with the previous one |
| ~SPC x t l~ | swap (transpose) the current line with the previous one |
| ~SPC x w c~ | count the number of occurrences per word in the select region |
| ~SPC x w d~ | show dictionary entry of word from wordnik.com |
*** Text insertion commands
Text insertion commands (start with ~i~):
| Key binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC i u~ | Search for Unicode characters and insert them into the active buffer. |
| ~SPC i l l~ | insert lorem-ipsum list |
| ~SPC i l p~ | insert lorem-ipsum paragraph |
| ~SPC i l s~ | insert lorem-ipsum sentence |
*** Smartparens Strict mode
[[https://github.com/Fuco1/smartparens][Smartparens]] comes with a strict mode which prevents deletion of parenthesis if
the result is unbalanced.
This mode can be frustrating for novices, this is why it is not enabled by
default.
It is possible to enable it easily for /all programming modes/ with the variable
=dotspacemacs-smartparens-strict-mode= of you =~/.spacemacs=.
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-smartparens-strict-mode t)
#+END_SRC
*** Zooming
**** Text
The font size of the current buffer can be adjusted with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC z x +~ | scale up the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z x =~ | scale up the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z x -~ | scale down the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z x 0~ | reset the font size (no scaling) and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
| ~+~ | increase the font size |
| ~=~ | increase the font size |
| ~-~ | decrease the font size |
| ~0~ | reset the font size |
| Any other key | leave the font scaling micro-state |
Note that /only/ the text of the current buffer is scaled, the other buffers,
the mode-line and the minibuffer are not affected. To zoom the whole content of
a frame use the =zoom frame= bindings (see next section).
**** Frame
You can zoom in and out the whole content of the frame with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC z f +~ | zoom in the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z f =~ | zoom in the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z f -~ | zoom out the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
| ~SPC z f 0~ | reset the frame content size and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
| ~+~ | zoom in |
| ~=~ | zoom in |
| ~-~ | zoom out |
| ~0~ | reset zoom |
| Any other key | leave the zoom frame micro-state |
*** Increase/Decrease numbers
Spacemacs uses [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-numbers][evil-numbers]] to easily increase or increase numbers.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC n +~ | increase the number under point by one and initiate micro-state |
| ~SPC n -~ | decrease the number under point by one and initiate micro-state |
In micro-state:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---------------+----------------------------------------|
| ~+~ | increase the number under point by one |
| ~-~ | decrease the number under point by one |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
*Tips:* you can increase or decrease a value by more that once by using a prefix
argument (ie. ~10 SPC n +~ will add 10 to the number under point).
*** Spell checking
Spell checking is enabled by including the [[../layers/spell-checking][spell
checking]] layer in your dotfile.
Keybindings are listed in the layer documentation.
*** Region selection
Vi =Visual= modes are all supported by =evil=.
**** Expand-region
Spacemacs adds another =Visual= mode via the [[https://github.com/magnars/expand-region.el][expand-region]] mode.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC v~ | initiate expand-region mode then... |
| ~v~ | expand the region by one semantic unit |
| ~V~ | contract the region by one semantic unit |
| ~r~ | reset the region to initial selection |
| ~ESC~ | leave expand-region mode |
**** Indent text object
With [[https://github.com/cofi/evil-indent-textobject][evil-indent-textobject]] the following action can be performed in =normal
state=:
- ~ii~ - Inner Indentation: the surrounding textblock with the same indentation
- ~ai~ - Above and Indentation: ~ii~ + the line above with a different indentation
- ~aI~ - Above and Indentation+: ~ai~ + the line below with a different indentation
Example (=|= is the point):
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(while (not done)
(messa|ge "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy."))
(1+ 41)
#+END_SRC
- ~vii~ will select the line with message
- ~vai~ will select the whole while loop
- ~vaI~ will select the whole fragment
*** Region narrowing
The displayed text of a buffer can be narrowed with the commands (start with
~n~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC n f~ | narrow the buffer to the current function |
| ~SPC n p~ | narrow the buffer to the visible page |
| ~SPC n r~ | narrow the buffer to the selected text |
| ~SPC n w~ | widen, i.e show the whole buffer again |
*** Line formatting
Spacemacs performs =go to the line below point and indent it= with ~SPC j k~.
You may repeat this operation with =evil-repeat= if you need to indent many
lines.
Line formatting commands start with ~j~:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| ~J~ | join the current line with the next line |
| ~SPC j j~ | same as SPC j k but will split the current line at point |
| ~SPC J~ | split a quoted string or s-expression in place |
| ~SPC j J~ | split a quoted string or s-expression and auto-indent |
| ~SPC j k~ | go to next line and indent it using auto-indent rules |
Used together these key bindings are very powerful to quickly reformat code.
*** Replacing text with iedit
Spacemacs uses the powerful [[https://github.com/tsdh/iedit][iedit]] mode through [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/evil-iedit-state][evil-iedit-state]] to quickly
edit multiple occurrences of a symbol or selection.
=evil-iedit-state= defines two new evil states:
- =iedit state=
- =iedit-insert state=
The color code for these states is =red=.
=evil-iedit-state= has also a nice integration with [[https://github.com/magnars/expand-region.el][expand-region]] for quick
editing of the currently selected text by pressing ~e~.
**** iedit states key bindings
***** State transitions
| Key Binding | From | To |
|-------------+------------------+--------|
| ~SPC s e~ | normal or visual | iedit |
| ~e~ | expand-region | iedit |
| ~ESC~ | iedit | normal |
| ~C-g~ | iedit | normal |
| ~fd~ | iedit | normal |
| ~ESC~ | iedit-insert | iedit |
| ~C-g~ | iedit-insert | normal |
| ~fd~ | iedit-insert | normal |
To sum-up, in =iedit-insert state= you have to press ESC twice to go back to the
=normal state=. You can also at any time press ~C-g~ or ~fd~ to return to =normal
state=.
*Note*: evil commands which switch to =insert state= will switch in
=iedit-insert state=.
***** In iedit state
=iedit state= inherits from =normal state=, the following key bindings are
specific to =iedit state=.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~ESC~ | go back to =normal state= |
| ~TAB~ | toggle current occurrence |
| ~0~ | go to the beginning of the current occurrence |
| ~$~ | go to the end of the current occurrence |
| ~#~ | prefix all occurrences with an increasing number (SPC u to choose the starting number). |
| ~A~ | go to the end of the current occurrence and switch to =iedit-insert state= |
| ~D~ | delete the occurrences |
| ~F~ | restrict the scope to the function |
| ~gg~ | go to first occurrence |
| ~G~ | go to last occurrence |
| ~I~ | go to the beginning of the current occurrence and switch to =iedit-insert state= |
| ~J~ | increase the editing scope by one line below |
| ~K~ | increase the editing scope by one line above |
| ~L~ | restrict the scope to the current line |
| ~n~ | go to next occurrence |
| ~N~ | go to previous occurrence |
| ~p~ | replace occurrences with last yanked (copied) text |
| ~S~ | (substitute) delete the occurrences and switch to =iedit-insert state= |
| ~V~ | toggle visibility of lines with no occurrence |
| ~U~ | Up-case the occurrences |
| ~C-U~ | down-case the occurrences |
*Note*: ~0~, ~$~, ~A~ and ~I~ have the default Vim behavior when used outside of
an ~occurrence~.
***** In iedit-insert state
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+---------------------------|
| ~ESC~ | go back to =iedit state= |
| ~C-g~ | go back to =normal state= |
**** Examples
- manual selection of several words then replace: ~v w w SPC s e S "toto" ESC ESC~
- append text to a word on two lines: ~v i w SPC s e J i "toto" ESC ESC~
- substitute symbol /with expand-region/: ~SPC v v e S "toto" ESC ESC~
- replace symbol with yanked (copied) text /with expand region/: ~SPC v
e p ESC ESC~
*** Replacing text in several files
Replacing an occurrence of text in several files can be performed via [[https://github.com/syohex/emacs-helm-ag][helm-ag]].
Say you want to replace all =foo= occurrences by =bar= in your current
project:
- initiate a search with ~SPC /~
- enter in edit mode with ~C-c C-e~
- go to the occurrence and enter in =iedit state= with ~SPC s e~
- edit the occurrences then leave the =iedit state=
- press ~C-c C-c~
*Note*: In Spacemacs, =helm-ag= despite its name works with =ack= and =pt= as
well.
*** Commenting
Comments are handled by [[https://github.com/redguardtoo/evil-nerd-commenter][evil-nerd-commenter]], it's bound to the following keys.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+---------------------------|
| ~SPC ;~ | comment operator |
| ~SPC c l~ | comment lines |
| ~SPC c L~ | invert comment lines |
| ~SPC c p~ | comment paragraphs |
| ~SPC c P~ | invert comment paragraphs |
| ~SPC c t~ | comment to line |
| ~SPC c T~ | invert comment to line |
| ~SPC c y~ | comment and yank |
| ~SPC c Y~ | invert comment and yank |
*Tips:* To comment efficiently a block of line use the combo ~SPC ; SPC y~
*** Deleting files
Deletion is configured to send deleted files to system trash.
On OS X the =trash= program is required. It can be installed with [[http:www.brew.sh][homebrew]] with
the following command:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh
$ brew install trash
#+END_SRC
To disable the trash you can set the variable =delete-by-moving-to-trash= to
=nil= in your =~/.spacemacs=.
*** Editing Lisp code
Editing of lisp code is provided by [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/evil-lisp-state][evil-lisp-state]].
Commands will set the current state to =lisp state= where different commands
combo can be repeated without pressing on ~SPC k~.
When in =lisp state= the color of the mode-line changes to pink.
Examples:
- to slurp three times while in normal state: ~SPC k 3 s~
- to wrap a symbol in parenthesis then slurping two times: ~SPC k w 2 s~
*Note*: The =lisp state= commands are available in /any/ modes! Try it out.
**** Lisp Key Bindings
***** Lisp state key bindings
These commands automatically switch to =lisp state=.
| Key Binding | Function |
|-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC k %~ | evil jump item |
| ~SPC k :~ | ex command |
| ~SPC k (~ | insert expression before (same level as current one) |
| ~SPC k )~ | insert expression after (same level as current one) |
| ~SPC k $~ | go to the end of current sexp |
| ~SPC k ` k~ | hybrid version of push sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
| ~SPC k ` p~ | hybrid version of push sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
| ~SPC k ` s~ | hybrid version of slurp sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
| ~SPC k ` t~ | hybrid version of transpose sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
| ~SPC k 0~ | go to the beginning of current sexp |
| ~SPC k a~ | absorb expression |
| ~SPC k b~ | forward barf expression |
| ~SPC k B~ | backward barf expression |
| ~SPC k c~ | convolute expression |
| ~SPC k ds~ | delete symbol |
| ~SPC k Ds~ | backward delete symbol |
| ~SPC k dw~ | delete word |
| ~SPC k Dw~ | backward delete word |
| ~SPC k dx~ | delete expression |
| ~SPC k Dx~ | backward delete expression |
| ~SPC k e~ | unwrap current expression and kill all symbols after point |
| ~SPC k E~ | unwrap current expression and kill all symbols before point |
| ~SPC k h~ | previous symbol |
| ~SPC k H~ | go to previous sexp |
| ~SPC k i~ | switch to =insert state= |
| ~SPC k I~ | go to beginning of current expression and switch to =insert state= |
| ~SPC k j~ | next closing parenthesis |
| ~SPC k J~ | join expression |
| ~SPC k k~ | previous opening parenthesis |
| ~SPC k l~ | next symbol |
| ~SPC k L~ | go to next sexp |
| ~SPC k p~ | paste after |
| ~SPC k P~ | paste before |
| ~SPC k r~ | raise expression (replace parent expression by current one) |
| ~SPC k s~ | forward slurp expression |
| ~SPC k S~ | backward slurp expression |
| ~SPC k t~ | transpose expression |
| ~SPC k u~ | undo |
| ~SPC k U~ | got to parent sexp backward |
| ~SPC k C-r~ | redo |
| ~SPC k v~ | switch to =visual state= |
| ~SPC k V~ | switch to =visual line state= |
| ~SPC k C-v~ | switch to =visual block state= |
| ~SPC k w~ | wrap expression with parenthesis |
| ~SPC k W~ | unwrap expression |
| ~SPC k y~ | copy expression |
***** Emacs lisp specific key bindings
| Key Binding | Function |
|-------------+--------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC m e $~ | go to end of line and evaluate last sexp |
| ~SPC m e b~ | evaluate buffer |
| ~SPC m e c~ | evaluate current form (a =def= or a =set=) |
| ~SPC m e e~ | evaluate last sexp |
| ~SPC m e f~ | evaluate current defun |
| ~SPC m e l~ | go to end of line and evaluate last sexp |
| ~SPC m e r~ | evaluate region |
| Key Binding | Function |
|-------------+----------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC m g g~ | go to definition |
| ~SPC m h h~ | describe elisp thing at point (show documentation) |
| ~SPC m t b~ | execute buffer tests |
| ~SPC m t q~ | ask for test function to execute |
** Managing projects
Projects in Spacemacs are managed with [[https://github.com/bbatsov/projectile][projectile]]. In =projectile= projects
are defined implicitly, for instance the root of a project is found when a
=.git= repository or =.projectile= file is encountered in the file tree.
=Helm= is used whenever it is possible.
To search in a project see [[Searching in a project][project searching]].
=projectile= commands start with p:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC p !~ | run shell command in root |
| ~SPC p &~ | run async shell command in root |
| ~SPC p a~ | toggle between implementation and test |
| ~SPC p b~ | switch to project buffer |
| ~SPC p c~ | compile project using =projectile= |
| ~SPC p d~ | find directory |
| ~SPC p D~ | open project root in =dired= |
| ~SPC p f~ | find file |
| ~SPC p G~ | regenerate the project's =etags= / =gtags= |
| ~SPC p h~ | find file using =helm= |
| ~SPC p I~ | invalidate the projectile cache |
| ~SPC p k~ | kill all project buffers |
| ~SPC p o~ | run =multi-occur= |
| ~SPC p p~ | switch project |
| ~SPC p r~ | open a recent file |
| ~SPC p R~ | replace a string |
| ~SPC p s~ | see [[Searching in a project][search in project]] |
| ~SPC p t~ | open =NeoTree= in =projectile= root |
| ~SPC p T~ | find test files |
| ~SPC p v~ | open project root in =vc-dir= or =magit= |
| ~SPC p y~ | find tags |
| ~SPC /~ | search in project with the best search tool available |
| ~SPC s a p~ | run =ag= |
| ~SPC s g p~ | run =grep= |
| ~SPC s k p~ | run =ack= |
| ~SPC s p p~ | run =pt= |
*Note for Windows Users*: To enable fast indexing the GNU ~find~ or
Cygwin ~find~ must be in your ~PATH~.
** Registers
Access commands to the various registers start with =r=:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+------------------------------------|
| ~SPC r e~ | show evil yank and named registers |
| ~SPC r m~ | show marks register |
| ~SPC r r~ | show helm register |
| ~SPC r y~ | show kill ring |
** Errors handling
Spacemacs uses [[https://github.com/flycheck/flycheck][Flycheck]] to gives error feedback on the fly. The checks are
only performed at save time by default.
Errors management commands (start with ~e~):
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC t s~ | toggle flycheck |
| ~SPC e c~ | clear all errors |
| ~SPC e h~ | describe a flycheck checker |
| ~SPC e l~ | toggle the display of the =flycheck= list of errors/warnings |
| ~SPC e n~ | go to the next error |
| ~SPC e p~ | go to the previous error |
| ~SPC e v~ | verify flycheck setup (useful to debug 3rd party tools configuration) |
Custom fringe bitmaps:
| Symbol | Description |
|--------------------------+-------------|
| [[file:img/dot-error.png]] | Error |
| [[file:img/dot-warning.png]] | warning |
| [[file:img/dot-info.png]] | Info |
** Compiling
Spacemacs binds a few commands to support compiling a project.
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+--------------------------------|
| ~SPC c c~ | use =helm-make= via projectile |
| ~SPC c C~ | compile |
| ~SPC c k~ | kill compilation |
| ~SPC c m~ | =helm-make= |
| ~SPC c r~ | recompile |
| ~SPC c q~ | close compilation window |
** Modes
*** Major Mode leader key
Key bindings specific to the current =major mode= start with ~SPC m~. For
convenience a shortcut key called the major mode leader key is set by default on
~,~ which saves one precious keystroke.
It is possible to change the major mode leader key by defining the variable
=dotspacemacs-major-mode-leader-key= in your =~/.spacemacs=. For example to
setup the key on tabulation:
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-major-mode-leader-key "<tab>")
#+END_SRC
*** Helm
Spacemacs add =hjkl= navigation to =helm= buffers:
| Key Binding | Description |
|-------------+------------------------------|
| ~C-h~ | go to next source |
| ~C-H~ | describe key (replace ~C-h~) |
| ~C-j~ | go to previous candidate |
| ~C-k~ | go to next candidate |
| ~C-l~ | same as ~return~ |
** Emacs Server
Spacemacs starts a server at launch. This server is killed whenever you close
your Emacs windows.
*** Connecting to the Emacs server
You can open a file in Emacs from the terminal using =emacsclient=. Use
=emacsclient -c= to open the file in Emacs GUI. Use =emacsclient -t= to open the
file in Emacs within the terminal.
If you want your Linux/OS X system to use Emacs by default for any prompt, you
need to set it in your shell configuration, e.g. =~/.bashrc= or =~/.zshrc=:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh-mode
export EDITOR="emacsclient -c"
#+END_SRC
Note that if you're on OS X, you may have to refer to the emacsclient that comes
with your GUI Emacs, e.g.:
#+BEGIN_SRC sh-mode
export EDITOR="/Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/bin/emacsclient -c"
#+END_SRC
Tip: Remember to use ~:wq~ or ~C-x #~ after you are done editing the file in
Emacs.
See [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Emacs-Server.html][Emacs as a Server]] in the official Emacs manual for more details.
** Keeping the server alive
It is possible to keep the server alive when you close Emacs by setting the
variable =dotspacemacs-persistent-server= to =t= in your =~./spacemacs=.
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq-default dotspacemacs-persistent-server t)
#+END_SRC
When this variable is set to =t=, the only way to quit Emacs /and/ kill the
server is to use the following bindings:
| Keybinding | Description |
|------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ~SPC q q~ | Quit Emacs and kill the server, prompt for changed buffers to save |
| ~SPC q Q~ | Quit Emacs and kill the server, lose all unsaved changes. |
| ~SPC q s~ | Save the buffers, quit Emacs and kill the server |
| ~SPC q z~ | Kill the current frame |
** Troubleshoot
*** Loading fails
If any errors happen during the loading the mode-line will turn red and the
errors should appear inline in the startup buffer. Spacemacs should still be
usable, if it is not the case then restart Emacs with =emacs --debug-init= and
open a [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/issues][Github issue]] with the backtrace.
*** I have no file ~/.spacemacs
You have to manually copy the =~/.emacs.d/core/templates/.spacemacs.template=
file to =~/.spacemacs=
* Achievements
** Issues
| Achievements | Account |
|---------------------------+--------------|
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/100][100th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/danielwuz][danielwuz]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/issues/200][200th issue (question)]] | [[https://github.com/justrajdeep][justrajdeep]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/300][300th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/danielwuz][danielwuz]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/400][400th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/CestDiego][CestDiego]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/500][500th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/bjarkevad][bjarkevad]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/600][600th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/bjarkevad][bjarkevad]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/700][700th issue (enhancement)]] | [[https://github.com/jcpetkovich][jcpetkovich]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/800][800th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/laat][ryansroberts]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/900][900th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/jcpetkovich][jcpetkovich]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/1000][1000th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/tuhdo][tuhdo]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/2000][2000th issue (PR)]] | [[https://github.com/IvanMalison][IvanMalison]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/3000][3000th issue (issue)]] | [[https://github.com/malchmih][malchmih]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/4000][4000th issue (issue)]] | [[https://github.com/icymist][icymist]] |
** Merged Pull Requests
| Achievements | Account |
|---------------------+----------------|
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/228][100th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/bru][bru]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/418][200th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/smt][smt]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/617][300th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/BrianHicks][BrianHicks]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/806][400th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/cpaulik][cpaulik]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/993][500th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/tuhdo][tuhdo]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/1205][600th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/trishume][trishume]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/1995][1000th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/justbur][justbur]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/4089][2000th pull request]] | [[https://github.com/channingwalton][channingwalton]] |
** Stars, forks and watchers
| Achievements | Account |
|-----------------+-----------------|
| 100th watcher | [[https://github.com/adouzzy][adouzzy]] |
| 100th fork | [[https://github.com/balajisivaraman][balajisivaraman]] |
| 200th fork | [[https://github.com/alcol80][alcol80]] |
| 300th fork | [[https://github.com/mlopes][mlopes]] |
| 100th star | [[https://github.com/Jackneill][Jackneill]] |
| 200th star | [[https://github.com/jb55][jb55]] |
| 400th star | [[https://github.com/dbohdan][dbohdan]] |
| 600th star | [[https://github.com/laat][laat]] |
| 700th star | [[https://github.com/kendall][kendall]] |
| 800th star | [[https://github.com/urso][urso]] |
| 900th star | [[https://github.com/luisgerhorst][luisgerhorst]] |
| 1000th star! | [[https://github.com/rashly][rashly]] |
| 2000th star!! | [[https://github.com/stshine][stshine]] |
| 3000th star!!! | [[https://github.com/TheBB][TheBB]] |
| 4000th star!!!! | [[https://github.com/nixmaniack][nixmaniack]] |
** Gitter chat
| Achievements | Account |
|---------------------------------+-------------|
| First joiner on the Gitter Chat | [[https://github.com/trishume][trishume]] |
| 1000th joiner | [[https://github.com/gabrielpoca][gabrielpoca]] |
** First times
| Achievements | Account |
|---------------------------------+--------------|
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/19][First contribution]] | [[https://github.com/trishume][trishume]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/commit/e802027d75d0c0aed55539b0da2dfa0df94dfd39][First contribution layer]] | [[https://github.com/trishume][trishume]] |
| [[http://oli.me.uk/2014/11/06/spacemacs-emacs-vim/][First blog article on Spacemacs]] | [[https://github.com/Wolfy87][Wolfy87]] |
| [[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/commit/7b44a56263049482ed540ed6815a295633ffe9d1][First contributed banner]] | [[https://github.com/chrisbarrett][chrisbarrett]] |
** Specials
| Achievements | Account |
|-------------------------------------------------+--------------|
| The Gunner (18 PRs in a row) | [[https://github.com/ralesi][ralesi]] |
| The Saint (unlocked the holy-mode) | [[https://github.com/trishume][trishume]] |
| The Artist ([[https://github.com/nashamri/spacemacs-logo][logo]] and [[https://github.com/nashamri/spacemacs-theme][theme]]) | [[https://github.com/nashamri][nashamri]] |
| The Meme Master (doge banner) | [[https://github.com/chrisbarrett][chrisbarrett]] |
| The Helm captain ([[http://tuhdo.github.io/helm-intro.html][helm guide]]) | [[https://github.com/tuhdo][tuhdo]] |
| The Master of the Keys ([[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]] and [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-bind-map][bind-map]]) | [[https://github.com/justbur][justbur]] |
| The PR Patrol Officer | [[https://github.com/robbyoconnor][robbyoconnor]] |
| The Expert in Latin Language ([[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/4043][PR]]) | [[https://github.com/vijaykiran][vijaykiran]] |
| The Tiler ([[https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/pull/4068][eyebrowse integration]]) | [[https://github.com/bmag][bmag]] |
| The Geometer ([[https://github.com/TheBB/spaceline][spaceline]]) | [[https://github.com/TheBB][TheBB]] |
* Thank you
[[Using configuration layers][Jokes aside]], thank you Richard for this great piece of software.
Thank you to all the contributors and the whole Emacs community from core
developers to elisp hackers!
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